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. 2020 Feb 7;12(2):140.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020140.

Omega-3 Self-Nanoemulsion Role in Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats

Osama A A Ahmed  1   2 , Usama A Fahmy  1 , Rana Bakhaidar  1 , Mohamed A El-Moselhy  3   4 , Solomon Z Okbazghi  5 , Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed  4 , Asmaa S A Hammad  4 , Nabil A Alhakamy  1
Affiliations

Omega-3 Self-Nanoemulsion Role in Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats

Osama A A Ahmed et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease is an injury of the alimentary tract that leads to a mucosal defect reaching the submucosa. This study aimed to formulate and optimize omega-3 oil as a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to achieve oil dispersion in the nano-range in the stomach to augment omega-3 oil gastric ulcer protection efficacy. Three SNEDDS components were selected as the design factors: the concentrations of the oil omega-3 (X1, 10-30%), the surfactant tween 20 and Kolliphor mixture (X2, 20-40%), and the cosurfactant transcutol (X3, 40-60%). The mixture experimental design proposed twenty-three formulations with varying omega-3 SNEDDS formulation component percentages. The optimized omega-3 SNEDDS formula was investigated for gastric ulcer protective effects by evaluating the ulcer index and by the determination of gastric mucosa oxidative stress parameters. Results revealed that optimized omega-3-SNEDDS achieved significant improvement in the gastric ulcer index in comparison with pure omega-3 oil. Histopathological findings confirmed the protective effect of the formulated optimized omega-3 SNEDDS in comparison with omega-3 oil. These findings suggest that formulation of omega-3 in the form of a SNEDDS would be more effective in gastric ulcer protection than the administration of omega-3 as a crude oil.

Keywords: factorial design; fish oil; gastric ulcer; nanoemulsion; natural product.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders/company had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Contour plot for the effects of independent variables on omega-3 self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) globule size (nm).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bar graphs showing the effect of indomethacin, pure omega-3 oil, and SNEDDS formula on ulcer index (A) and preventive index (B). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. * Significantly different from indomethacin at p < 0.01, *** Significantly different from indomethacin at p < 0.001. Indo: Indomethacin, Pure oil: omega-3 oil, SNEDDS: omega-3 formula.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Bar graphs showing the effect of indomethacin, pure omega-3 oil, and SNEDDS formula on mucosal MDA (A), mucosal catalase (B), and mucosal nitrites (C). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. * Significantly different from control at p < 0.05. *** Significantly different from control at p < 0.001. # Significantly different from indomethacin at p < 0.05. ### Significantly different from indomethacin at p < 0.001. Indo: Indomethacin, Pure oil: omega-3 oil, SNEDDS: omega-3 formula.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Representative photomicrographs of H&E-stained stomachs of: (A) control: showed normal mucosal thickness with intact mucosa and more gastric glands; (B) Indomethacin treated (ulcer model): showed damage and loss of epithelial layer and gastric pits and decreased mucosal thickness, with distorted gastric glands with inflammatory cells’ infiltration of the submucosa; (C) omega-3 oil + Indomethacin showed mild damage and loss of epithelial layer with slightly decreased mucosal thickness and dilation of gastric glands; (D) omega-3 oil SNEDDS formula + indomethacin: showed marvelous amelioration of epithelial layer and gastric pits with normal thickness of mucosa. (Magnification = 200×). H&E stain.
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