Impact of sex and myocardial function on association of obesity with mortality in Asian patients with acute heart failure: a retrospective analysis from the STRATS-AHF registry

Abstract

Objectives: Impact of sex and myocardial function on the obesity paradox in heart failure (HF) is unknown. We explored whether sex, myocardial function, and left ventricular (LV) geometry explains the protective association of body mass index (BMI) with mortality, and investigated whether metabolic health status affects this association.

Design: A multicentre cohort study with patients with acute HF admitted from January 2009 to December 2016 with a median follow-up of 33.7 months.

Setting: Three tertiary hospitals.

Participants: A total of 2021 overweight-to-obese (OW) and 1543 normal-weight (NW) patients with acute HF.

Measurements: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Patients were categorised as either OW (BMI≥23kg/m²) or NW (BMI<23kg/m²). BMI was used as both categorical and continuous variables. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic measures, including LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS), LV-ejection fraction, LV geometry, were obtained.

Results: During the follow-up period, 1392 patients died (685 OW and 707 NW). BMI was significantly associated with mortality in univariate (HR=0.929 per kg/m², p<0.001) and multivariate analyses (HR=0.954 per kg/m², p<0.001). In multivariable fractional polynomials, higher BMIs were associated with lower mortality overall and in subgroups by sex, LV-GLS and LV geometry, with a steeper association in men (p-interaction <0.001). In women, there were significant interactions of BMI with LV-GLS (p-interaction=0.044) and age (p-interaction=0.040) for mortality; the protective association of BMI with mortality was confined to subgroups with high LV-GLS (>10.1%) or elderly patients (≥75 years). In men, this association was found in all subgroups without significant interaction. Metabolically healthy obese patients had better survival than metabolically unhealthy obese patients (log-rank p<0.001).

Conclusions: In women, a significant interaction was observed between BMI and age or LV-GLS in association with mortality, suggesting that sex, ageing and myocardial dysfunction can affect the magnitude of the obesity paradox in HF. Metabolic health status provides prognostic information beyond obesity status.

Trial registration number: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT03513653 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03513653).

Keywords: Heart failure; left ventricular geometry; metabolic health status; myocardial function; obesity paradox; sex-related difference.

Figure 1

Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating the mortality risk by sex (A), LV-GLS (B) or LV geometry (C) in two subgroups stratified by obesity status. GLS, global longitudinal strain; LV, left ventricle; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight-to-obese.

Figure 2

Forest plots of adjusted HRs depicting mortality in four subgroups categorised by BMI and sex (A), LV-GLS (B) or LV geometry (C). HRs were adjusted for the independent variables shown in table 2. BMI, body mass index; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LV, left ventricle; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight-to-obese.

Figure 3

Forest plots of adjusted HRs for the relationship of BMI, per 1 kg/m² increment as a continuous variable, with all-cause mortality in men (A) and women (B). The HR within each stratum was adjusted for the independent variables shown in table 2. BMI, body mass index; EF, ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LV, left ventricle