Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update of the IUIS Phenotypical Classification

Abstract

Since 2013, the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) expert committee (EC) on Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) has published an updated phenotypic classification of IEI, which accompanies and complements their genotypic classification into ten tables. This phenotypic classification is user-friendly and serves as a resource for clinicians at the bedside. There are now 430 single-gene IEI underlying phenotypes as diverse as infection, malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation. We herein report the 2019 phenotypic classification, including the 65 new conditions. The diagnostic algorithms are based on clinical and laboratory phenotypes for each of the ten broad categories of IEI.

Keywords: IUIS; autoinflammatory disorders; classification; immune dysregulation; inborn errors of immunity; primary immune deficiency.

Fig. 1

Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity. a Severe combined immunodeficiencies defined by T cell lymphopenia. b Combined immunodeficiencies. * T cell lymphopenia in SCID is defined by CD3+ T cells < 300/μL. AD autosomal dominant transmission, ADA adenosine deaminase, Adp adenopathies, Ag antigen, AR autosomal recessive transmission, β2m bêta-2 microglobulin, Bc B cells, CBC complete blood count, CD cluster of differentiation, CVID common variable immunodeficiency, def deficiency, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, Eo eosinophilia, GOF gain-of-function mutation, HHV8 human herpes virus 8, HIGM hyper IgM syndrome, HPV human papillomavirus, HSM hepatosplenomegaly, Ig immunoglobulins, MHC major histocompatibility complex, Nl normal, NK natural killer, SCID severe combined immunodeficiency, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, Treg regulatory T cells, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 1

Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity. a Severe combined immunodeficiencies defined by T cell lymphopenia. b Combined immunodeficiencies. * T cell lymphopenia in SCID is defined by CD3+ T cells < 300/μL. AD autosomal dominant transmission, ADA adenosine deaminase, Adp adenopathies, Ag antigen, AR autosomal recessive transmission, β2m bêta-2 microglobulin, Bc B cells, CBC complete blood count, CD cluster of differentiation, CVID common variable immunodeficiency, def deficiency, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, Eo eosinophilia, GOF gain-of-function mutation, HHV8 human herpes virus 8, HIGM hyper IgM syndrome, HPV human papillomavirus, HSM hepatosplenomegaly, Ig immunoglobulins, MHC major histocompatibility complex, Nl normal, NK natural killer, SCID severe combined immunodeficiency, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, Treg regulatory T cells, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 2

a, b CID with associated or syndromic features. Ab antibody, AD autosomal dominant transmission, AD DN autosomal dominant transmission with dominant negative effect, ANA anti-nuclear antibodies, ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, BCG bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCR B cell receptor, CD cluster of differentiation, CID combined immunodeficiency of T and B cells, CMV cytomegalovirus, CNS central nervous system, def deficiency, DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, EDA anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, GOF gain-of-function, HIES hyper IgE syndrome, FILS facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo and short stature, ID immunodeficiency, Ig immunoglobulins, IL-6 interleukin-6, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, LOF loss-of-function, MCC mucocutaneous candidiasis, Nl normal, NK natural killer, PHA phytohemagglutinin, PPS polysaccharides, SCID severe combined immunodeficiency, sd syndrome, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, TREC T cell receptor excision circle, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 2

a, b CID with associated or syndromic features. Ab antibody, AD autosomal dominant transmission, AD DN autosomal dominant transmission with dominant negative effect, ANA anti-nuclear antibodies, ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, BCG bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCR B cell receptor, CD cluster of differentiation, CID combined immunodeficiency of T and B cells, CMV cytomegalovirus, CNS central nervous system, def deficiency, DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, EDA anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, GOF gain-of-function, HIES hyper IgE syndrome, FILS facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo and short stature, ID immunodeficiency, Ig immunoglobulins, IL-6 interleukin-6, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, LOF loss-of-function, MCC mucocutaneous candidiasis, Nl normal, NK natural killer, PHA phytohemagglutinin, PPS polysaccharides, SCID severe combined immunodeficiency, sd syndrome, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, TREC T cell receptor excision circle, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 3

Predominantly antibody deficiencies. a Hypogammaglobulinemias. b Other antibody deficiencies. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, BENTA B cell expansion with NF-κB and T cell anergy, CD cluster of differentiation, CMF flow cytometry, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, def deficiency, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, GOF gain-of-function, Hx patient history, Ig immunoglobulins, Nl normal, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 3

Predominantly antibody deficiencies. a Hypogammaglobulinemias. b Other antibody deficiencies. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, BENTA B cell expansion with NF-κB and T cell anergy, CD cluster of differentiation, CMF flow cytometry, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, def deficiency, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, GOF gain-of-function, Hx patient history, Ig immunoglobulins, Nl normal, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 4

Diseases of immune dysregulation. a Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. b Other diseases of immune dysregulation. Ab antibody, AD autosomal dominant transmission, Ag antigen, AIHA autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ALPS autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, APS autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, CD cluster of differentiation, CMF flow cytometry, CTL cytotoxicT lymphocytes, def deficiency, DNT double negative T cells, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, FHL familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, GOF gain-of-function, HLH hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, (H)SM (hepato)splenomegalia, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, Ig immunoglobulin, IL-10 interleukin-10, LOF loss-of-function, iNKT invariant NKT cells, NK natural killer cells, Nl normal, sd syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematous disease, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 4

Diseases of immune dysregulation. a Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. b Other diseases of immune dysregulation. Ab antibody, AD autosomal dominant transmission, Ag antigen, AIHA autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ALPS autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, APS autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, CD cluster of differentiation, CMF flow cytometry, CTL cytotoxicT lymphocytes, def deficiency, DNT double negative T cells, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, FHL familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, GOF gain-of-function, HLH hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, (H)SM (hepato)splenomegalia, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, Ig immunoglobulin, IL-10 interleukin-10, LOF loss-of-function, iNKT invariant NKT cells, NK natural killer cells, Nl normal, sd syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematous disease, Tc T cells, TCR T cell receptor, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 5

Congenital defects of phagocyte number, function, or both. a Neutropenia. b Functional defects of phagocytes. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AML acute myeloid leukemia, AR autosomal recessive transmission, BCG bacillus Calmette-Guerin, CD cluster of differentiation, CGD chronic granulomatous disease, CMF flow cytometry, CMML chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, def deficiency, DHR dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3, GM-CSF granulocytes/monocytes colony stimulation factor, GOF gain-of-function, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, LAD leukocyte adhesion deficiency, MDS myelodysplasia, NBT nitroblue of tetrazolium, NK natural killer cells, WBC white blood cells, XL: X-linked transmission

Fig. 6

Defects in intrinsic and innate immunity. a Bacterial and parasitic infections. b MSMD and viral infection. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AR autosomal recessive transmission, BCG bacillus Calmette-Guerin, CD cluster of differentiation, CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, GOF gain-of-function, IFNg interferon gamma, HHV6 human herpes virus type 6, HPV human papillomavirus, HSV herpes simplex virus, LOF loss-of-function, MSMD Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, NK natural killer cells, RNA ribonucleic acid, sd syndrome, Tc T cells, TLR3 Toll-like receptor type 3, VZV varicella zoster virus, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 7

a, b Autoinflammatory disorders. AD autosomal dominant transmission, ANCA anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody, AR autosomal recessive transmission, BSN bilateral striatal necrosis, CAPS cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, DA duration of acute inflammation episode, dsDNA double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, FA frequency of acute inflammation episode, FCL familial chilblain lupus, GOF gain-of-function, HLH hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HSM hepatosplenomegalia, ICC intracranial calcifications, IL interleukin, LOF loss-of-function, sd syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SMS Singleton-Merten syndrome, SNHL sensorineural hearing loss, SP spastic paraparesis, TORCH toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections

Fig. 8

Complement deficiencies. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AH50 alternate pathway hemolytic activity, AR autosomal recessive transmission, CH50 complement hemolytic activity, def deficiency, GOF gain-of-function, LOF loss-of-function, sd syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 9

Bone marrow failure disorders. AD autosomal dominant transmission, AR autosomal recessive transmission, Bc B cells, BMFS bone marrow failure syndrome, CNS central nervous system, DKC dyskeratosis congenita, GI gastrointestinal, GOF gain-of-function, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, MDS myelodysplasia, sd syndrome, Tc T cells, XL X-linked transmission

Fig. 10

Phenocopies of PID. ALPS autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AutoAb autoantibodies, CID combined immunodeficiency, CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, GOF gain-of-function, MSMD Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, PRCA pure red cell aplasia