Inorganic polyphosphate in mammals: where's Wally?

Abstract

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer of tens to hundreds of orthophosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, both the presence of polyP and of the biosynthetic pathway that leads to its synthesis are well-documented. However, in mammals, polyP is more elusive. Firstly, the mammalian enzyme responsible for the synthesis of this linear biopolymer is unknown. Secondly, the low sensitivity and specificity of available polyP detection methods make it difficult to confidently ascertain polyP presence in mammalian cells, since in higher eukaryotes, polyP exists in lower amounts than in yeast or bacteria. Despite this, polyP has been given a remarkably large number of functions in mammals. In this review, we discuss some of the proposed functions of polyP in mammals, the limitations of the current detection methods and the urgent need to understand how this polymer is synthesized.

Keywords: cell metabolism; inorganic polyphosphates; phosphate; post translational modification; signalling.

Figure 1.. polyP structure and its attributed functions in mammals.

The polyP chemical formula is represented centrally, where ‘n’ can range from 1 to several hundreds. Thus a phosphate chain with at least three phosphate groups can be considered polyP. Surrounding the chemical formula are graphical representations of the different functions attributed to polyP in mammals.