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. 2020 Feb 12;12(2):115.
doi: 10.3390/toxins12020115.

Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake

Atena Abbasi Pirouz  1   2 , Jinap Selamat  1   3 , Shahzad Zafar Iqbal  4 , Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin  1   3
Affiliations

Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake

Atena Abbasi Pirouz et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Mycotoxins are an important class of pollutants that are toxic and hazardous to animal and human health. Consequently, various methods have been explored to abate their effects, among which adsorbent has found prominent application. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has recently been applied for the concurrent evaluation of multiple mycotoxins. This study investigated the optimization of the simultaneous removal of mycotoxins in palm kernel cake (PKC) using chitosan. The removal of 11 mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 and T-2 toxin) from palm kernel cake (PKC) was studied. The effects of operating parameters such as pH (3-6), temperature (30-50 °C) and time (4-8 h) on the removal of the mycotoxins were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Response surface models obtained with R2 values ranging from 0.89-0.98 fitted well with the experimental data, except for the trichothecenes. The optimum point was obtained at pH 4, 8 h and 35 °C. The maximum removal achieved with chitosan for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, ZEA, FB1 and FB2 under the optimized conditions were 94.35, 45.90, 82.11, 84.29, 90.03, 51.30, 90.53 and 90.18%, respectively.

Keywords: LC-MS/MS; chitosan; detoxification; mycotoxins; optimization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Response surface plots showing the interaction effect of independent variables on the reduction of 8 mycotoxins (a–c) AFB1, (d) AFB2, (e–f) AFG1, (g) AFG2, (h–i) OTA), (j) ZEA), (k–l) FB1, (m) FB2.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Response surface plots showing the interaction effect of independent variables on the reduction of 8 mycotoxins (a–c) AFB1, (d) AFB2, (e–f) AFG1, (g) AFG2, (h–i) OTA), (j) ZEA), (k–l) FB1, (m) FB2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Response optimization, parameters, predicted response (y) and desirability of multi-mycotoxin by CTS.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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