Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies

Melissa A Munn-Chernoff¹, Emma C Johnson², Yi-Ling Chou², Jonathan R I Coleman^{3

4}, Laura M Thornton¹, Raymond K Walters^{5

6}, Zeynep Yilmaz^{1

7}, Jessica H Baker¹, Christopher Hübel^{3

4

8}, Scott Gordon⁹, Sarah E Medland⁹, Hunna J Watson^{1

10

11}, Héléna A Gaspar^{3

4}, Julien Bryois⁸, Anke Hinney¹², Virpi M Leppä⁸, Manuel Mattheisen^{13

14

15

16}, Stephan Ripke^{5

6

17}, Shuyang Yao⁸, Paola Giusti-Rodríguez⁷, Ken B Hanscombe¹⁸, Roger A H Adan^{19

20

21}, Lars Alfredsson²², Tetsuya Ando²³, Ole A Andreassen²⁴, Wade H Berrettini²⁵, Ilka Boehm²⁶, Claudette Boni²⁷, Vesna Boraska Perica^{28

29}, Katharina Buehren³⁰, Roland Burghardt³¹, Matteo Cassina³², Sven Cichon^{33

34

35}, Maurizio Clementi³², Roger D Cone³⁶, Philippe Courtet³⁷, Scott Crow³⁸, James J Crowley^{7

14}, Unna N Danner³⁹, Oliver S P Davis^{40

41}, Martina de Zwaan⁴², George Dedoussis⁴³, Daniela Degortes⁴⁴, Janiece E DeSocio⁴⁵, Danielle M Dick^{46

47

48}, Dimitris Dikeos⁴⁹, Christian Dina⁵⁰, Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz⁵¹, Elisa Docampo^{52

53

54}, Laramie E Duncan⁵⁵, Karin Egberts⁵⁶, Stefan Ehrlich²⁶, Geòrgia Escaramís^{52

53

54}, Tõnu Esko^{57

58}, Xavier Estivill^{52

53

54

59}, Anne Farmer³, Angela Favaro⁴⁴, Fernando Fernández-Aranda^{60

61}, Manfred M Fichter^{62

63}, Krista Fischer⁵⁷, Manuel Föcker⁶⁴, Lenka Foretova⁶⁵, Andreas J Forstner^{34

66

67

68}, Monica Forzan³², Christopher S Franklin²⁸, Steven Gallinger⁶⁹, Ina Giegling⁷⁰, Johanna Giuranna¹², Fragiskos Gonidakis⁷¹, Philip Gorwood^{72

73}, Monica Gratacos Mayora^{52

53

54}, Sébastien Guillaume³⁷, Yiran Guo⁷⁴, Hakon Hakonarson^{74

75}, Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas^{28

76}, Joanna Hauser⁷⁷, Johannes Hebebrand¹², Sietske G Helder^{3

78}, Stefan Herms^{33

34}, Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann³⁰, Wolfgang Herzog⁷⁹, Laura M Huckins^{28

80}, James I Hudson⁸¹, Hartmut Imgart⁸², Hidetoshi Inoko⁸³, Vladimir Janout⁸⁴, Susana Jiménez-Murcia^{60

61}, Antonio Julià⁸⁵, Gursharan Kalsi³, Deborah Kaminská⁸⁶, Leila Karhunen⁸⁷, Andreas Karwautz⁸⁸, Martien J H Kas^{19

89}, James L Kennedy^{90

91

92}, Anna Keski-Rahkonen⁹³, Kirsty Kiezebrink⁹⁴, Youl-Ri Kim⁹⁵, Kelly L Klump⁹⁶, Gun Peggy S Knudsen⁹⁷, Maria C La Via¹, Stephanie Le Hellard^{98

99

100}, Robert D Levitan^{90

91

92}, Dong Li⁷⁴, Lisa Lilenfeld¹⁰¹, Bochao Danae Lin¹⁹, Jolanta Lissowska¹⁰², Jurjen Luykx¹⁹, Pierre J Magistretti^{103

104}, Mario Maj¹⁰⁵, Katrin Mannik^{57

106}, Sara Marsal⁸⁵, Christian R Marshall¹⁰⁷, Morten Mattingsdal¹⁰⁸, Sara McDevitt^{109

110}, Peter McGuffin³, Andres Metspalu^{57

111}, Ingrid Meulenbelt¹¹², Nadia Micali^{113

114}, Karen Mitchell^{115

116}, Alessio Maria Monteleone¹⁰⁵, Palmiero Monteleone¹¹⁷, Benedetta Nacmias¹¹⁸, Marie Navratilova⁶⁵, Ioanna Ntalla⁴³, Julie K O'Toole¹¹⁹, Roel A Ophoff^{120

121}, Leonid Padyukov¹²², Aarno Palotie^{58

123

124}, Jacques Pantel²⁷, Hana Papezova⁸⁶, Dalila Pinto⁸⁰, Raquel Rabionet^{125

126

127}, Anu Raevuori⁹³, Nicolas Ramoz⁷², Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud^{97

128}, Valdo Ricca¹²⁹, Samuli Ripatti¹³⁰, Franziska Ritschel^{26

131}, Marion Roberts³, Alessandro Rotondo¹³², Dan Rujescu⁷⁰, Filip Rybakowski¹³³, Paolo Santonastaso¹³⁴, André Scherag¹³⁵, Stephen W Scherer^{136

137}, Ulrike Schmidt¹³⁸, Nicholas J Schork¹³⁹, Alexandra Schosser¹⁴⁰, Jochen Seitz³⁰, Lenka Slachtova¹⁴¹, P Eline Slagboom¹⁴², Margarita C T Slof-Op't Landt^{143

144}, Agnieszka Slopien¹⁴⁵, Sandro Sorbi^{118

146}, Beata Świątkowska¹⁴⁷, Jin P Szatkiewicz⁷, Ioanna Tachmazidou²⁸, Elena Tenconi⁴⁴, Alfonso Tortorella^{148

149}, Federica Tozzi¹⁵⁰, Janet Treasure¹³⁸, Artemis Tsitsika¹⁵¹, Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor¹⁴⁵, Konstantinos Tziouvas¹⁵², Annemarie A van Elburg^{20

153}, Eric F van Furth^{143

144}, Gudrun Wagner⁸⁸, Esther Walton²⁶, Elisabeth Widen¹²³, Eleftheria Zeggini^{28

76}, Stephanie Zerwas¹, Stephan Zipfel¹⁵⁴, Andrew W Bergen^{155

156}, Joseph M Boden¹⁵⁷, Harry Brandt¹⁵⁸, Steven Crawford¹⁵⁸, Katherine A Halmi¹⁵⁹, L John Horwood¹⁵⁷, Craig Johnson¹⁶⁰, Allan S Kaplan^{90

91

92}, Walter H Kaye¹⁶¹, James Mitchell¹⁶², Catherine M Olsen¹⁶³, John F Pearson¹⁶⁴, Nancy L Pedersen⁸, Michael Strober^{165

166}, Thomas Werge¹⁶⁷, David C Whiteman¹⁶³, D Blake Woodside^{91

92

168

169}, Jakob Grove^{13

170

171

172}, Anjali K Henders¹⁷³, Janne T Larsen^{170

174

175}, Richard Parker⁹, Liselotte V Petersen^{170

174

175}, Jennifer Jordan^{176

177}, Martin A Kennedy¹⁷⁸, Andreas Birgegård^{8

14

15}, Paul Lichtenstein⁸, Claes Norring^{14

15}, Mikael Landén^{8

179}, Preben Bo Mortensen^{170

174

175}, Renato Polimanti^{180

181}, Jeanette N McClintick¹⁸², Amy E Adkins^{46

47}, Fazil Aliev^{46

183}, Silviu-Alin Bacanu^{184

185

186}, Anthony Batzler¹⁸⁷, Sarah Bertelsen¹⁸⁸, Joanna M Biernacka^{189

190}, Tim B Bigdeli¹⁹¹, Li-Shiun Chen², Toni-Kim Clarke¹⁹², Franziska Degenhardt¹⁹³, Anna R Docherty¹⁹⁴, Alexis C Edwards^{185

186}, Jerome C Foo¹⁹⁵, Louis Fox², Josef Frank¹⁹⁵, Laura M Hack⁵⁵, Annette M Hartmann⁷⁰, Sarah M Hartz², Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach¹⁹³, Colin Hodgkinson¹⁹⁶, Per Hoffmann^{33

67

197}, Jouke-Jan Hottenga¹⁹⁸, Bettina Konte⁷⁰, Jari Lahti¹⁹⁹, Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen²⁰⁰, Dongbing Lai²⁰¹, Lannie Ligthart¹⁹⁸, Anu Loukola¹²³, Brion S Maher²⁰², Hamdi Mbarek¹⁹⁸, Andrew M McIntosh²⁰³, Matthew B McQueen²⁰⁴, Jacquelyn L Meyers²⁰⁵, Yuri Milaneschi²⁰⁶, Teemu Palviainen¹²³, Roseann E Peterson^{185

186}, Euijung Ryu¹⁸⁹, Nancy L Saccone²⁰⁷, Jessica E Salvatore^{46

185

186}, Sandra Sanchez-Roige¹⁶¹, Melanie Schwandt²⁰⁸, Richard Sherva²⁰⁹, Fabian Streit¹⁹⁵, Jana Strohmaier¹⁹⁵, Nathaniel Thomas^{46

47}, Jen-Chyong Wang¹⁸⁸, Bradley T Webb^{184

185

186}, Robbee Wedow^{5

6

210

211}, Leah Wetherill²⁰¹, Amanda G Wills²¹², Hang Zhou^{180

181}, Jason D Boardman^{213

214}, Danfeng Chen⁶, Doo-Sup Choi²¹⁵, William E Copeland²¹⁶, Robert C Culverhouse²¹⁷, Norbert Dahmen²¹⁸, Louisa Degenhardt²¹⁹, Benjamin W Domingue²²⁰, Mark A Frye¹⁹⁰, Wolfgang Gäebel²²¹, Caroline Hayward²²², Marcus Ising²²³, Margaret Keyes²²⁴, Falk Kiefer²²⁵, Gabriele Koller²²⁶, John Kramer²²⁷, Samuel Kuperman²²⁷, Susanne Lucae²²³, Michael T Lynskey²²⁸, Wolfgang Maier²²⁹, Karl Mann²²⁵, Satu Männistö²³⁰, Bertram Müller-Myhsok²³¹, Alison D Murray²³², John I Nurnberger^{201

233}, Ulrich Preuss^{234

235}, Katri Räikkönen²⁰⁰, Maureen D Reynolds²³⁶, Monika Ridinger²³⁷, Norbert Scherbaum²³⁸, Marc A Schuckit¹⁶¹, Michael Soyka^{239

240}, Jens Treutlein¹⁹⁵, Stephanie H Witt¹⁹⁵, Norbert Wodarz²⁴¹, Peter Zill²⁴², Daniel E Adkins^{194

243}, Dorret I Boomsma¹⁹⁸, Laura J Bierut², Sandra A Brown^{161

244}, Kathleen K Bucholz², E Jane Costello²⁴⁵, Harriet de Wit²⁴⁶, Nancy Diazgranados²⁴⁷, Johan G Eriksson^{248

249}, Lindsay A Farrer^{209

250

251

252

253}, Tatiana M Foroud²⁰¹, Nathan A Gillespie¹⁸⁵, Alison M Goate¹⁸⁸, David Goldman^{196

254}, Richard A Grucza², Dana B Hancock²⁵⁵, Kathleen Mullan Harris^{256

257}, Victor Hesselbrock²⁵⁸, John K Hewitt²⁵⁹, Christian J Hopfer²⁶⁰, William G Iacono²²⁴, Eric O Johnson^{255

261}, Victor M Karpyak¹⁹⁰, Kenneth S Kendler^{185

186}, Henry R Kranzler^{262

263}, Kenneth Krauter²⁶⁴, Penelope A Lind⁹, Matt McGue²²⁴, James MacKillop^{265

266}, Pamela A F Madden², Hermine H Maes¹⁸⁵, Patrik K E Magnusson⁸, Elliot C Nelson², Markus M Nöthen¹⁹³, Abraham A Palmer^{161

267}, Brenda W J H Penninx²⁶⁸, Bernice Porjesz²⁰⁵, John P Rice², Marcella Rietschel¹⁹⁵, Brien P Riley^{184

185

186}, Richard J Rose²⁶⁹, Pei-Hong Shen¹⁹⁶, Judy Silberg^{185

186}, Michael C Stallings²⁵⁹, Ralph E Tarter²³⁶, Michael M Vanyukov²³⁶, Scott Vrieze²²⁴, Tamara L Wall¹⁶¹, John B Whitfield⁹, Hongyu Zhao²⁷⁰, Benjamin M Neale^{5

6}, Tracey D Wade²⁷¹, Andrew C Heath², Grant W Montgomery^{9

173

272}, Nicholas G Martin⁹, Patrick F Sullivan^{1

7

8}, Jaakko Kaprio^{93

123}, Gerome Breen^{3

4}, Joel Gelernter^{180

181

273

274}, Howard J Edenberg^{182

201}, Cynthia M Bulik^{1

8

275}, Arpana Agrawal²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
³ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴ National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London and South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
⁵ Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷ Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
⁸ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰ School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹¹ School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹³ Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵ Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
¹⁹ Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
²⁰ Center for Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
²¹ Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²² Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²³ Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁴ NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶ Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
²⁷ Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France.
²⁸ Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
²⁹ Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
³⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
³¹ Klinikum Frankfurt/Oder, Frankfurt, Germany.
³² Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Italy.
³³ Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³⁴ Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³⁵ Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
³⁷ Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
³⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
³⁹ Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
⁴⁰ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴¹ School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴² Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁴³ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
⁴⁵ College of Nursing, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁷ College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece.
⁵⁰ l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, Nantes, France.
⁵¹ Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁵² Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
⁵⁷ Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁵⁸ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵⁹ Genomics and Disease, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge -IDIBELL and CIBERobn, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
⁶³ Schön Klinik Roseneck affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁶⁵ Department of Cancer, Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁶⁶ Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶⁷ Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
⁷¹ 1st Psychiatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁷² Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France.
⁷³ CMME (GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
⁷⁴ Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁶ Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁷⁸ Zorg op Orde, Delft, The Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁸¹ Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸² Eating Disorders Unit, Parklandklinik, Bad Wildungen, Germany.
⁸³ Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
⁸⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
⁸⁵ Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁸⁷ Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
⁸⁸ Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁸⁹ Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁹⁰ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹¹ Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹² Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹³ Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁴ Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁹⁷ Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁹⁸ Department of Clinical Science, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹⁹ Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory Building, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰¹ The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington DC Campus, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M Skłodowska-Curie Cancer Center - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰³ BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne-University Hospital of Lausanne (UNIL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
¹⁰⁶ Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genome Diagnostics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰⁸ NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
¹¹⁰ Eist Linn Adolescent Unit, Bessborough, Health Service Executive South, Cork, Ireland.
¹¹¹ Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
¹¹² Molecular Epidemiology Section (Department of Biomedical Datasciences), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹⁴ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹⁵ National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
¹¹⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
¹¹⁹ Kartini Clinic, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹²⁰ Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹²² Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹²³ Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁴ Center for Human Genome Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²⁵ Saint Joan de Déu Research Institute, Saint Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁶ Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁷ Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁹ Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
¹³⁰ Department of Biometry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹³¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
¹³² Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
¹³³ Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
¹³⁴ Department of Neurosciences, Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
¹³⁵ Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
¹³⁶ Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁷ McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹³⁹ J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics and Center of Applied Genomics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴² Molecular Epidemiology Section (Department of Medical Statistics), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴³ Center for Eating Disorders Ursula, Rivierduinen, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
¹⁴⁶ IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁵⁰ Brain Sciences Department, Stremble Ventures, Limassol, Cyprus.
¹⁵¹ Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵² Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵³ Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
¹⁵⁵ BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, California, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁵⁸ The Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Eating Recovery Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
¹⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁶² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
¹⁶³ Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁶⁴ Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁶⁶ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁶⁸ Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶⁹ Program for Eating Disorders, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁷⁰ The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷¹ Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷² Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷³ Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁷⁴ National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷⁵ Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷⁶ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁷ Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸¹ Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
¹⁸³ Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
¹⁸⁴ Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁵ Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁷ Psychiatric Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁸⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁸⁹ Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁹⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
¹⁹² Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁹³ Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
¹⁹⁵ Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
¹⁹⁶ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁹⁷ Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁹⁸ Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁹⁹ Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
²⁰⁰ Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁰¹ Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁰² Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁰³ Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁰⁴ Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
²⁰⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center/GGz inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁰⁷ Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁰⁸ Office of the Clinical Director, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁰⁹ Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹¹ Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹² Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
²¹³ Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²¹⁴ Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²¹⁵ Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
²¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²¹⁹ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²²⁰ Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
²²¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
²²² MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²²³ Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
²²⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²²⁵ Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
²²⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
²²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²²⁸ Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
²²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²³⁰ Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
²³¹ Department of Statistical Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany.
²³² Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
²³³ Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²³⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Herborn, Germany.
²³⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vitos Hospital Herborn, Herborn, Germany.
²³⁶ School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²³⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg Psychiatric Health Care Aargau, Regensburg, Germany.
²³⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
²³⁹ Medical Park Chiemseeblick in Bernau-Felden, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Bernau am Chiemsee, Germany.
²⁴⁰ Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Bernau am Chiemsee, Germany.
²⁴¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
²⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
²⁴³ Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
²⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²⁴⁷ NIAAA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁴⁸ Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁴⁹ National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁵⁰ Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵³ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵⁴ Office of the Clinical Director, NIH/NIAAA, Besthesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁵⁵ Center for Omics Discovery and Epidemiology, Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁶ Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁷ Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
²⁵⁹ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
²⁶¹ Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁶² Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶³ VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶⁴ Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁶⁵ Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶⁶ Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶⁷ Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University and GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁶⁹ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
²⁷⁰ Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷¹ School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁷² Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²⁷³ Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷⁵ Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

PMID: 32064741
PMCID: PMC7429266
DOI: 10.1111/adb.12880

Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies

Melissa A Munn-Chernoff et al. Addict Biol. 2021 Jan.

. 2021 Jan;26(1):e12880.

doi: 10.1111/adb.12880. Epub 2020 Feb 16.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
³ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴ National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London and South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
⁵ Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷ Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
⁸ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰ School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹¹ School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹³ Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵ Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
¹⁹ Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
²⁰ Center for Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
²¹ Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²² Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²³ Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁴ NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶ Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
²⁷ Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France.
²⁸ Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
²⁹ Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
³⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
³¹ Klinikum Frankfurt/Oder, Frankfurt, Germany.
³² Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Italy.
³³ Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³⁴ Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³⁵ Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
³⁷ Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
³⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
³⁹ Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
⁴⁰ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴¹ School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴² Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁴³ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
⁴⁵ College of Nursing, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁷ College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece.
⁵⁰ l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, Nantes, France.
⁵¹ Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁵² Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
⁵⁷ Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁵⁸ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵⁹ Genomics and Disease, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge -IDIBELL and CIBERobn, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
⁶³ Schön Klinik Roseneck affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁶⁵ Department of Cancer, Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁶⁶ Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶⁷ Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
⁷¹ 1st Psychiatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁷² Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France.
⁷³ CMME (GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
⁷⁴ Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁶ Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁷⁸ Zorg op Orde, Delft, The Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁸¹ Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸² Eating Disorders Unit, Parklandklinik, Bad Wildungen, Germany.
⁸³ Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
⁸⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
⁸⁵ Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁸⁷ Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
⁸⁸ Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁸⁹ Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁹⁰ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹¹ Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹² Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹³ Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁴ Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁹⁷ Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁹⁸ Department of Clinical Science, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹⁹ Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory Building, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰¹ The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington DC Campus, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M Skłodowska-Curie Cancer Center - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰³ BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne-University Hospital of Lausanne (UNIL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
¹⁰⁶ Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genome Diagnostics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰⁸ NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
¹¹⁰ Eist Linn Adolescent Unit, Bessborough, Health Service Executive South, Cork, Ireland.
¹¹¹ Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
¹¹² Molecular Epidemiology Section (Department of Biomedical Datasciences), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹⁴ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹⁵ National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
¹¹⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
¹¹⁹ Kartini Clinic, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹²⁰ Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹²² Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹²³ Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁴ Center for Human Genome Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²⁵ Saint Joan de Déu Research Institute, Saint Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁶ Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁷ Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁹ Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
¹³⁰ Department of Biometry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹³¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
¹³² Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
¹³³ Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
¹³⁴ Department of Neurosciences, Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
¹³⁵ Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
¹³⁶ Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁷ McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹³⁹ J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics and Center of Applied Genomics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴² Molecular Epidemiology Section (Department of Medical Statistics), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴³ Center for Eating Disorders Ursula, Rivierduinen, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
¹⁴⁶ IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁵⁰ Brain Sciences Department, Stremble Ventures, Limassol, Cyprus.
¹⁵¹ Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵² Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵³ Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
¹⁵⁵ BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, California, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁵⁸ The Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Eating Recovery Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
¹⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁶² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
¹⁶³ Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁶⁴ Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁶⁶ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁶⁸ Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶⁹ Program for Eating Disorders, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁷⁰ The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷¹ Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷² Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷³ Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁷⁴ National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷⁵ Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁷⁶ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁷ Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸¹ Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
¹⁸³ Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
¹⁸⁴ Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁵ Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸⁷ Psychiatric Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁸⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁸⁹ Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁹⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
¹⁹² Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁹³ Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
¹⁹⁵ Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
¹⁹⁶ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁹⁷ Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁹⁸ Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁹⁹ Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
²⁰⁰ Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁰¹ Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁰² Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁰³ Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁰⁴ Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
²⁰⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center/GGz inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁰⁷ Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁰⁸ Office of the Clinical Director, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁰⁹ Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹¹ Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹² Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
²¹³ Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²¹⁴ Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²¹⁵ Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
²¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²¹⁹ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²²⁰ Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
²²¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
²²² MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²²³ Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
²²⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²²⁵ Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
²²⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
²²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²²⁸ Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
²²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²³⁰ Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
²³¹ Department of Statistical Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany.
²³² Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
²³³ Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²³⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Herborn, Germany.
²³⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vitos Hospital Herborn, Herborn, Germany.
²³⁶ School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²³⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg Psychiatric Health Care Aargau, Regensburg, Germany.
²³⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
²³⁹ Medical Park Chiemseeblick in Bernau-Felden, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Bernau am Chiemsee, Germany.
²⁴⁰ Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Bernau am Chiemsee, Germany.
²⁴¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
²⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
²⁴³ Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
²⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²⁴⁷ NIAAA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁴⁸ Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁴⁹ National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁵⁰ Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵³ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵⁴ Office of the Clinical Director, NIH/NIAAA, Besthesda, Maryland, USA.
²⁵⁵ Center for Omics Discovery and Epidemiology, Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁶ Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁷ Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
²⁵⁹ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
²⁶¹ Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁶² Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶³ VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶⁴ Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
²⁶⁵ Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶⁶ Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶⁷ Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University and GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁶⁹ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
²⁷⁰ Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷¹ School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁷² Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²⁷³ Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷⁵ Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

PMID: 32064741
PMCID: PMC7429266
DOI: 10.1111/adb.12880

Abstract

Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [r_g ], twin-based = 0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge eating, AN without binge eating, and a bulimia nervosa factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Total study sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2400 to ~537 000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (r_g = 0.18; false discovery rate q = 0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (r_g = 0.23; q < 0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge eating (r_g = 0.27; q = 0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three nondiagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge eating (r_gs = -0.19 to -0.23; qs < 0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for major depressive disorder loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships among these behaviors.

Keywords: eating disorders; genetic correlation; substance use.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Financial Interests

The authors report the following potential competing interests. O. Andreassen received a speaker’s honorarium from Lundbeck. G. Breen received grant funding and consultancy fees in preclinical genetics from Eli Lilly, consultancy fees from Otsuka and has received honoraria from Illumina. C. Bulik served on Shire Scientific Advisory Boards; she receives author royalties from Pearson. D. Degortes served as a speaker and on advisory boards, and has received consultancy fees for participation in research from various pharmaceutical industry companies including: AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genesis Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Lundbeck, Organon, Sanofi, UniPharma, and Wyeth; he has received unrestricted grants from Lilly and AstraZeneca as director of the Sleep Research Unit of Eginition Hospital (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece). J. Hudson has received grant support from Shire and Sunovion, and has received consulting fees from DiaMentis, Shire, and Sunovion. A. Kaplan is a member of the Shire Canadian BED Advisory Board and is on the steering committee for the Shire B/educated Educational Symposium: June 15–16, 2018. J. Kennedy served as an unpaid member of the scientific advisory board of AssurexHealth Inc. M. Landén declares that, over the past 36 months, he has received lecture honoraria from Lundbeck and served as scientific consultant for EPID Research Oy. No other equity ownership, profit-sharing agreements, royalties, or patent. P. Sullivan is on the Lundbeck advisory committee and is a Lundbeck grant recipient; he has served on the scientific advisory board for Pfizer, has received a consultation fee from Element Genomics, and a speaker reimbursement fee from Roche. J. Treasure has received an honorarium for participation in an EAP meeting and has received royalties from several books from Routledge, Wiley, and Oxford University press. T. Werge has acted as a lecturer and scientific advisor to H. Lundbeck A/S. L. Bierut, A. Goate, J. Rice, J.-C. Wang, and the spouse of N. Saccone are listed as inventors on Issued US Patent 8080,371, “Markers for Addiction” covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of addiction. N. Wodarz has received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany (BMBF); he has received speaker’s honoraria and travel funds from Janssen-Cilag and Indivior. He took part in industry-sponsored multicenter randomized trials by D&A Pharma and Lundbeck. M. Ridinger received compensation from Lundbeck Switzerland and Lundbeck institute for advisory boards and expert meetings, and from Lundbeck and Lilly Suisse for workshops and presentations. K. Mann received honoraria from Lundbeck, Pfizer, Novartis, and AbbVie. K. Mann also received Honoraria (Advisory Board) from Lundbeck and Pfizer and speaker fees from Janssen Cilag. H. Kranzler has been an advisory board member, consultant, or continuing medical education speaker for Indivior, Lundbeck, and Otsuka. He is a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology’s Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative, which was sponsored in the past three years by AbbVie, Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Pfizer. H. Kranzler and J. Gelernter are named as inventors on PCT patent application #15/878,640, entitled “Genotype-guided dosing of opioid agonists,” filed 24 January 2018. D.-S. Choi is a scientific advisory member of Peptron Inc. M. Frye has received grant support from Assurex Health, Mayo Foundation, Myriad, NIAAA, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and Pfizer; he has been a consultant for Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Myriad, Neuralstem Inc., Otsuka American Pharmaceutical, Sunovion, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. H. de Wit has received support from Insys Therapeutics and Indivior for studies unrelated to this project, and she has consulted for Marinus and Jazz Pharmaceuticals, also unrelated to this project. T. Wall has previously received funds from ABMRF. J. Nurnberger is an investigator for Janssen and Assurex. M. Nöthen has received honoraria from the Lundbeck Foundation and the Robert Bosch Stiftung for membership on advisory boards. N. Scherbaum has received honoraria from Abbvie, Sanofi-Aventis, Reckitt Benckiser, Indivior, Lundbeck, and Janssen-Cilag for advisory board membership and the preparation of lectures, manuscripts, and educational materials. Since 2013, N. Scherbaum has also participated in clinical trials financed by Reckitt Benckiser and Indivior. W. Gäbel has received symposia support from Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, and Servier, Munich, and is a member of the Faculty of the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation (LINF), Denmark. J. Kaprio has provided consultations on nicotine dependence for Pfizer (Finland) 2012–2015. In the past three years, L. Degenhardt has received investigator-initiated untied educational grants for studies of opioid medications in Australia from Indivior, Mundipharma, and Seqirus. B. Neale is a member of the scientific advisory board for Deep Genomics and has consulted for Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation, Merck & Co., and Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. A. Agrawal previously received peer-reviewed funding and travel reimbursement from ABMRF for unrelated research. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

**Figure 1.. Genetic correlations between eating disorder subtypes and substance use-related phenotypes.**
AN=anorexia nervosa; ANBE=anorexia nervosa *with* binge-eating; ANnoBE=anorexia nervosa *without* binge-eating; BNFac=bulimia nervosa factor score; DPW=drinks per week; AUD=alcohol use disorder; SmkInit=smoking initiation; CurrSmk=current smoking; CPD=cigarettes per day; ND=nicotine dependence; CanInit=cannabis initiation; CUD=cannabis use disorder. # indicates known or potential sample overlap with UK Biobank; & indicates known sample overlap with iPSYCH. Bolded and * values denote significant genetic correlations after correcting for multiple comparisons using False Discovery Rate (n tests=66; q<0.05).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies

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Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies

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