Conflict of interest AB participates on advisory boards on hepatitis B virus immune therapy for Gilead Sciences, Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Vir Biotechnology, Abivax, and Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical. He is also a cofounder of Lion TCR, a biotech company developing T cell receptors for treatment of virus-related cancers. USG has no conflicts of interest to declare. PTFK has collaborative grant funding from Gilead Sciences, participates on the advisory boards of and provides consultancy to Gilead Sciences, Janssen and Immunocore and is an investigator for industry-led trials with Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Alere, and Assembly Biosciences. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.