. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i83-i95.

doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Richard Charles Franklin^{1

2}, Amy E Peden^{2

3}, Erin B Hamilton⁴, Catherine Bisignano⁴, Chris D Castle⁴, Zachary V Dingels⁴, Simon I Hay^{4

5}, Zichen Liu⁴, Ali H Mokdad^{4

5}, Nicholas L S Roberts⁴, Dillon O Sylte⁴, Theo Vos^{4

5}, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady⁶, Akine Eshete Abosetugn⁷, Rushdia Ahmed^{8

9}, Fares Alahdab¹⁰, Catalina Liliana Andrei¹¹, Carl Abelardo T Antonio^{12

13}, Jalal Arabloo¹⁴, Aseb Arba Kinfe Arba¹⁵, Ashish D Badiye¹⁶, Shankar M Bakkannavar¹⁷, Maciej Banach^{18

19}, Palash Chandra Banik²⁰, Amrit Banstola²¹, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo²², Akbar Barzegar²³, Mohsen Bayati²⁴, Pankaj Bhardwaj^{25

26}, Soumyadeep Bhaumik²⁷, Zulfiqar A Bhutta^{28

29}, Ali Bijani³⁰, Archith Boloor³¹, Félix Carvalho³², Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury^{33

34}, Dinh-Toi Chu³⁵, Samantha M Colquhoun³⁶, Henok Dagne³⁷, Baye Dagnew³⁸, Lalit Dandona^{4

5

39}, Rakhi Dandona^{4

39}, Ahmad Daryani⁴⁰, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne^{4

41}, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani⁴², Hoa Thi Do⁴³, Tim Robert Driscoll⁴⁴, Arielle Wilder Eagan^{45

46}, Ziad El-Khatib^{47

48}, Eduarda Fernandes⁴⁹, Irina Filip^{50

51}, Florian Fischer⁵², Berhe Gebremichael⁵³, Gaurav Gupta⁵⁴, Juanita A Haagsma⁵⁵, Shoaib Hassan⁵⁶, Delia Hendrie⁵⁷, Chi Linh Hoang⁵⁸, Michael K Hole⁵⁹, Ramesh Holla⁶⁰, Sorin Hostiuc^{61

62}, Mowafa Househ^{63

64}, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi⁶⁵, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj⁶⁶, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani⁶⁷, M Mofizul Islam⁶⁸, Rebecca Q Ivers⁶⁹, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke^{70

71}, Farahnaz Joukar⁷², Rohollah Kalhor^{73

74}, Tanuj Kanchan⁷⁵, Neeti Kapoor¹⁶, Amir Kasaeian^{76

77}, Maseer Khan⁷⁸, Ejaz Ahmad Khan⁷⁹, Jagdish Khubchandani⁸⁰, Kewal Krishan⁸¹, G Anil Kumar³⁹, Paolo Lauriola⁸², Alan D Lopez^{4

83}, Mohammed Madadin⁸⁴, Marek Majdan⁸⁵, Venkatesh Maled^{86

87}, Navid Manafi^{88

89}, Ali Manafi⁹⁰, Martin McKee⁹¹, Hagazi Gebre Meles⁹², Ritesh G Menezes⁹³, Tuomo J Meretoja^{94

95}, Ted R Miller^{57

96}, Prasanna Mithra⁹⁷, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani⁹⁸, Reza Mohammadpourhodki⁹⁹, Farnam Mohebi^{100

101}, Mariam Molokhia¹⁰², Ghulam Mustafa^{103

104}, Ionut Negoi^{105

106}, Cuong Tat Nguyen¹⁰⁷, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen¹⁰⁷, Andrew T Olagunju^{108

109}, Tinuke O Olagunju¹¹⁰, Jagadish Rao Padubidri¹¹¹, Keyvan Pakshir¹¹², Ashish Pathak^{47

113}, Suzanne Polinder⁵⁵, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi¹¹⁴, Navid Rabiee¹¹⁵, Amir Radfar^{116

117}, Saleem Muhammad Rana^{118

119}, Jennifer Rickard^{120

121}, Saeed Safari¹²², Payman Salamati¹²³, Abdallah M Samy¹²⁴, Abdur Razzaque Sarker¹²⁵, David C Schwebel¹²⁶, Subramanian Senthilkumaran¹²⁷, Faramarz Shaahmadi¹²⁸, Masood Ali Shaikh¹²⁹, Jae Il Shin^{130

131}, Pankaj Kumar Singh¹³², Amin Soheili^{133

134}, Mark A Stokes¹³⁵, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria¹³⁶, Ingan Ukur Tarigan¹³⁷, Mohamad-Hani Temsah^{138

139}, Berhe Etsay Tesfay¹⁴⁰, Pascual R Valdez^{141

142}, Yousef Veisani¹⁴³, Pengpeng Ye¹⁴⁴, Naohiro Yonemoto¹⁴⁵, Chuanhua Yu^{146

147}, Hasan Yusefzadeh¹⁴⁸, Sojib Bin Zaman^{33

149}, Zhi-Jiang Zhang¹⁵⁰, Spencer L James¹⁵¹

Affiliations

¹ College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
² Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵ Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁶ College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁷ Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
⁸ James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁹ Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹⁰ Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹¹ Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
¹² Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
¹³ Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁴ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁵ Nursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
¹⁶ Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
¹⁷ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹⁸ Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹ Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
²⁰ Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
²¹ Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
²² School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²³ Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
²⁴ Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
²⁵ Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
²⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India.
²⁷ The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
²⁸ Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹ Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
³⁰ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
³¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
³² Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³³ Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
³⁵ Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁶ Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
³⁷ Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁸ Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁹ Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
⁴⁰ Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁴¹ Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁴² Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁴⁴ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴⁵ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁸ World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada.
⁴⁹ REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.
⁵¹ School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Arizona, Missouri, USA.
⁵² Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
⁵³ Public Health Department, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁵⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.
⁵⁵ Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁶ Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁵⁷ School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁵⁸ Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁵⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁶⁰ Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
⁶¹ Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
⁶² Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
⁶³ Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁴ Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁵ Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁶⁶ Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.
⁶⁷ Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁸ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷⁰ Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁷¹ Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁷² Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁷³ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran.
⁷⁴ Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
⁷⁵ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
⁷⁶ Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁷ Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁸ Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁹ Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁸⁰ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
⁸² Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
⁸³ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁸⁴ Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁸⁵ Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁸⁶ Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
⁸⁷ Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
⁸⁸ Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁹ Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
⁹⁰ Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹¹ Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁹² Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁹³ Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁴ Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁵ University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁶ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA.
⁹⁷ Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
⁹⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
⁹⁹ Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
¹⁰⁰ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰¹ Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰² Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁰³ Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.
¹⁰⁵ General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁰⁶ General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁰⁷ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹¹² Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
¹¹³ Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
¹¹⁴ Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
¹¹⁵ Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁶ College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
¹¹⁷ College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.
¹¹⁸ University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹¹⁹ Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²⁰ Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹²¹ Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹²² Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²⁴ Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹²⁵ Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹²⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
¹²⁷ Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.
¹²⁸ Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
¹²⁹ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁰ College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
¹³¹ Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹³² Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
¹³³ Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
¹³⁴ Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁶ Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁷ Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹³⁸ Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹³⁹ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
¹⁴¹ Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴² Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴³ Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
¹⁴⁴ Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁴⁷ Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁵¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA spencj@uw.edu.

PMID: 32079663
PMCID: PMC7571364
DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484

The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Richard Charles Franklin et al. Inj Prev. 2020 Oct.

. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i83-i95.

doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
² Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵ Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁶ College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁷ Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
⁸ James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁹ Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹⁰ Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹¹ Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
¹² Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
¹³ Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁴ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁵ Nursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
¹⁶ Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
¹⁷ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹⁸ Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹ Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
²⁰ Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
²¹ Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
²² School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²³ Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
²⁴ Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
²⁵ Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
²⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India.
²⁷ The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
²⁸ Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹ Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
³⁰ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
³¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
³² Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³³ Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
³⁵ Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁶ Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
³⁷ Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁸ Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁹ Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
⁴⁰ Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁴¹ Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁴² Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁴⁴ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴⁵ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁸ World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada.
⁴⁹ REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.
⁵¹ School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Arizona, Missouri, USA.
⁵² Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
⁵³ Public Health Department, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁵⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.
⁵⁵ Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁶ Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁵⁷ School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁵⁸ Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁵⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁶⁰ Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
⁶¹ Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
⁶² Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
⁶³ Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁴ Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁵ Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁶⁶ Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.
⁶⁷ Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁸ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷⁰ Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁷¹ Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁷² Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁷³ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran.
⁷⁴ Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
⁷⁵ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
⁷⁶ Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁷ Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁸ Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁹ Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁸⁰ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
⁸² Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
⁸³ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁸⁴ Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁸⁵ Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁸⁶ Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
⁸⁷ Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
⁸⁸ Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁹ Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
⁹⁰ Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹¹ Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁹² Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁹³ Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁴ Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁵ University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁹⁶ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA.
⁹⁷ Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
⁹⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
⁹⁹ Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
¹⁰⁰ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰¹ Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰² Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁰³ Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.
¹⁰⁵ General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁰⁶ General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁰⁷ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹¹² Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
¹¹³ Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
¹¹⁴ Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
¹¹⁵ Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁶ College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
¹¹⁷ College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.
¹¹⁸ University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹¹⁹ Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²⁰ Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹²¹ Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹²² Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²⁴ Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹²⁵ Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹²⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
¹²⁷ Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.
¹²⁸ Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
¹²⁹ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁰ College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
¹³¹ Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹³² Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
¹³³ Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
¹³⁴ Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁶ Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁷ Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹³⁸ Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹³⁹ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
¹⁴¹ Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴² Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴³ Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
¹⁴⁴ Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁴⁷ Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁵¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA spencj@uw.edu.

PMID: 32079663
PMCID: PMC7571364
DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484

Erratum in

Correction: The burden of unintentional drowning: Global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Inj Prev. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i166. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484corr1. Epub 2020 Sep 28. Inj Prev. 2020. PMID: 32989008 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

Background: Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017.

Methods: Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning.

Results: Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes.

Conclusions: There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.

Keywords: burden of disease; drowning; global.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: Dr. Franklin reports receiving airfare reimbursement from Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Bhaumik reports grants from Royal National Lifeboat Institution, UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Ivers reports grants from Royal National LifeBoat Institute, outside the submitted work. Dr. Khubchandani reports grants from Merck Research Laboratories, outside the submitted work. Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Age-standardised cause-specific mortality rates per 100 000 by country for unintentional drowning in 2017.

**Figure 2**
All-age mortality by country for unintentional drowning in 2017.

**Figure 3**
Incidence of unintentional drowning mortality by age group, sex and super-region in 2017.

**Figure 4**
Incidence of unintentional drowning mortality by region, sex and five age groups in 2017.

**Figure 5**
Years of life lost to unintentional drowning by age group, sex and super-region in 2017.

**Figure 6**
Years of life lost to unintentional drowning by region, sex and five age groups, 2017.

**Figure 7**
Age-standardised cause-specific mortality rate per 100 000 for unintentional drowning by year and super-region (1990–2017).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. World Health Organization Global report on drowning: preventing a leading killer. Geneva: World Health organization, 2014. ISBN: 978 92 4 156478 6 https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/global_report_drowning/en/
1. van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D, et al. . A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:853–6. doi:/S0042-96862005001100015 - PMC - PubMed
1. World Health Organization Preventing drowning: an implementation guide. Geneva: World Health organization, 2017. ISBN: 978-92-4-151193-3 https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/drowning/drowning_prevent...
1. Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. . Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1736–88. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Tyler MD, Richards DB, Reske-Nielsen C, et al. . The epidemiology of drowning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017;17:413 10.1186/s12889-017-4239-2 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

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The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

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