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. 2020 Feb 18;17(4):1311.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041311.

Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan

Emerson Augusto Baptista  1 , Kaoru Kakinuma  1   2 , Bernardo Lanza Queiroz  3
Affiliations

Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan

Emerson Augusto Baptista et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

In this paper, we use a bivariate choropleth map to investigate the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, by sex, in Japanese prefectures from 1996 to 2015. The overall results show a decline in age-standardized CVD mortality rates in all prefectures, for both men and women, and suggest that GDP per capita has varied over the period. We also observed that the relationship between CVD mortality rates and GDP per capita at the prefecture level does not have an overall pattern of the same or inverse association, but is instead a heterogeneous relationship. We argue that this study provides useful clues to policy makers for establishing effective measures for public health planning and the prevention of deaths from CVD. As demonstrated by this study, mapping of the CVD burden in Japan helps to clarify regional differences in life expectancy and health status across regions and identify prefectures where more targeted policy attention may be needed.

Keywords: Global Burden of Disease Study 2017; Japan; bivariate choropleth map; cardiovascular mortality; economic development; gross domestic product (GDP); mortality; prefectures.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Japan by regions and prefectures.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CVD mortality rates vs. GDP per capita, males, prefectures, Japan—time series 1996–2000 (top left), 2001–2005 (top right), 2006–2010 (bottom left), and 2011–2015 (bottom right).
Figure 3
Figure 3
CVD mortality rates vs. GDP per capita, females, prefectures, Japan—time series 1996–2000 (top left), 2001–2005 (top right), 2006–2010 (bottom left), and 2011–2015 (bottom right).
Figure 4
Figure 4
CVD mortality rates vs. GDP per capita vs. population, males, prefectures, Japan—time series 1996–2000 (top left), 2001–2005 (top right), 2006–2010 (bottom left), and 2011–2015 (bottom right).
Figure 5
Figure 5
CVD mortality rates vs. GDP per capita vs. population, females, prefectures, Japan—time series 1996–2000 (top left), 2001–2005 (top right), 2006–2010 (bottom left), and 2011–2015 (bottom right).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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