Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Feb 28;2(2):CD001168.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001168.pub3.

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies

Giovanni Lodi  1 , Maddalena Manfredi  2 , Valeria Mercadante  3 , Ruth Murphy  4 , Marco Carrozzo  5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies

Giovanni Lodi et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic T cell-mediated disease, which can cause significant pain, particularly in its erosive or ulcerative forms. As pain is the indication for treatment of OLP, pain resolution is the primary outcome for this review. This review is an update of a version last published in 2011, but focuses on the evidence for corticosteroid treatment only. A second review considering non-corticosteroid treatments is in progress.

Objectives: To assess the effects and safety of corticosteroids, in any formulation, for treating people with symptoms of oral lichen planus.

Search methods: Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases to 25 February 2019: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register, CENTRAL (2019, Issue 1), MEDLINE Ovid, and Embase Ovid. ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. There were no restrictions on language or date of publication.

Selection criteria: We considered randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of any local or systemic corticosteroid treatment compared with a placebo, a calcineurin inhibitor, another corticosteroid, any other local or systemic (or both) drug, or the same corticosteroid plus an adjunctive treatment.

Data collection and analysis: Three review authors independently scanned the titles and abstracts of all reports identified, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool and extracted data from included studies. For dichotomous outcomes, we expressed the estimates of effects of an intervention as risk ratios (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For continuous outcomes, we used mean differences (MD) and 95% CI. The statistical unit of analysis was the participant. We conducted meta-analyses only with studies of similar comparisons reporting the same outcome measures. We assessed the overall certainty of the evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We included 35 studies (1474 participants) in this review. We assessed seven studies at low risk of bias overall, 11 at unclear and the remaining 17 studies at high risk of bias. We present results for our main outcomes, pain and clinical resolution measured at the end of the treatment course (between one week and six months), and adverse effects. The limited evidence available for comparisons between different corticosteroids, and corticosteroids versus alternative or adjunctive treatments is presented in the full review. Corticosteroids versus placebo Three studies evaluated the effectiveness and safety of topical corticosteroids in an adhesive base compared to placebo. We were able to combine two studies in meta-analyses, one evaluating clobetasol propionate and the other flucinonide. We found low-certainty evidence that pain may be more likely to be resolved when using a topical corticosteroid rather than a placebo (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.36; 2 studies, 72 participants; I² = 0%). The results for clinical effect of treatment and adverse effects were inconclusive (clinical resolution: RR 6.00, 95% CI 0.76 to 47.58; 2 studies, 72 participants; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence; adverse effects RR 1.48, 95% 0.48 to 4.56; 3 studies, 88 participants, I² = 0%, very low-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors Three studies compared topical clobetasol propionate versus topical tacrolimus. We found very low-certainty evidence regarding any difference between tacrolimus and clobetasol for the outcomes pain resolution (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.88; 2 studies, 100 participants; I² = 80%), clinical resolution (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.99; 2 studies, 52 participants; I² = 95%) and adverse effects (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.83; 2 studies, 100 participants; very low-certainty evidence) . One study (39 participants) compared topical clobetasol and ciclosporin, and provided only very low-certainty evidence regarding the rate of clinical resolution with clobetasol (RR 3.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 9.93), pain resolution (RR 2.11, 95% CI 0.76 to 5.86) and adverse effects (RR 6.32, 95% CI 0.84 to 47.69). Two studies (60 participants) that compared triamcinolone and tacrolimus found uncertain evidence regarding the rate of clinical resolution (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.35; very low-certainty evidence) and that there may be a lower rate of adverse effects in the triamcinolone group (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.99; low-certainty evidence). These studies did not report on pain resolution.

Authors' conclusions: Corticosteroids have been first line for the treatment of OLP. This review found that these drugs, delivered topically as adhesive gels or similar preparations, may be more effective than placebo for reducing the pain of symptomatic OLP; however, with the small number of studies and participants, our confidence in the reliability of this finding is low. The results for clinical response were inconclusive, and we are uncertain about adverse effects. Very low-certainty evidence suggests that calcineurin inhibitors, specifically tacrolimus, may be more effective at resolving pain than corticosteroids, although there is some uncertainty about adverse effects and clinical response to tacrolimus showed conflicting results.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

GL: none known. I am an Editor with Cochrane Oral Health. I authored one of the included studies (Lodi 2007). MM: none. VM: none. RM: none. MC: the institution I work for received money from a company called AFYX for a study on a new preparation of clobetasol, which may be included in a future update of this review (NCT03592342).

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram of searches for this update.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Corticosteroids versus placebo, Outcome 1 Pain score.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Corticosteroids versus placebo, Outcome 2 Pain resolution.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Corticosteroids versus placebo, Outcome 3 Clinical score.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Corticosteroids versus placebo, Outcome 4 Clinical resolution.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Corticosteroids versus placebo, Outcome 5 Adverse effects.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors, Outcome 1 Pain score.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors, Outcome 2 Pain resolution.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors, Outcome 3 Clinical score.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors, Outcome 4 Clinical resolution.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Corticosteroids versus calcineurin inhibitors, Outcome 5 Adverse effects.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid A versus corticosteroid B, Outcome 1 Pain score.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid A versus corticosteroid B, Outcome 2 Pain resolution.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid A versus corticosteroid B, Outcome 3 Clinical score.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid A versus corticosteroid B, Outcome 4 Clinical resolution.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid A versus corticosteroid B, Outcome 5 Adverse effects.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 1 Pain score.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 2 Pain score (split‐mouth study).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 3 Pain resolution.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 4 Clinical score.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 5 Clinical score (split‐mouth study).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 6 Clinical resolution.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 7 Clinical Resolution (split‐mouth study).
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 8 Adverse effects.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroids versus other treatments, Outcome 9 Adverse events (split‐mouth study).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Adjunctive treatment to corticosteroids, Outcome 1 Pain (mean score).
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Adjunctive treatment to corticosteroids, Outcome 2 Clinical score.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Adjunctive treatment to corticosteroids, Outcome 3 Clinical resolution.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Adjunctive treatment to corticosteroids, Outcome 4 Adverse effects.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Amanat 2014 {published data only}
    1. Amanat D, Ebrahimi H, Zahedani MZ, Zeini N, Pourshahidi S, Ranjbar Z. Comparing the effects of cryotherapy with nitrous oxide gas versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Indian Journal Dental Research 2014;25:711‐6. - PubMed
Amirchaghmaghi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Amirchaghmaghi M, Pakfetrat A, Delavarian Z, Ghalavani H, Ghazi A. Evaluation of the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinal and Diagnostic Research 2016;10:ZC134‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Arduino 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arduino PG, Campolongo MG, Sciannameo V, Conrotto D, Gambino A, Cabras M, et al. Randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial of clobetasol propionate 0.05% in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Diseases 2018;24(5):772‐7. - PubMed
Arunkumar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Arunkumar S, Kalappanavar AN, Annigeri RG, Kalappa SG. Relative efficacy of pimecrolimus cream and triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Indian Journal of Dentistry 2015;6:14‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Bakhtiari 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bakhtiari S, Azari‐Marhabi S, Mojahedi SM, Namdari M, Rankohi ZE, Jafari S. Comparing clinical effects of photodynamic therapy as a novel method with topical corticosteroid for treatment of oral lichen planus. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2017;20:159‐64. - PubMed
Campisi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Campisi G, Giandalia G, Caro V, Liberto C, Arico P, Giannola LI. A new delivery system of clobetasol‐17‐propionate (lipid‐loaded microspheres 0.025%) compared with a conventional formulation (lipophilic ointment in a hydrophilic phase 0.025%) in topical treatment of atrophic/erosive oral lichen planus. A phase IV, randomized, observer‐blinded, parallel group clinical trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2004;150(5):984‐90. - PubMed
Carbone 2009 {published data only}
    1. Carbone M, Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Caiazzo G, Broccoletti R, Conrotto D, et al. Topical clobetasol in the treatment of atrophic‐erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial to compare two preparations with different concentrations. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2009;38(2):227‐33. - PubMed
Chainani‐Wu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chainani‐Wu N, Silverman S Jr, Reingold A, Bostrom A, Culloch C, Lozada‐Nur F, et al. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of curcuminoids in oral lichen planus. Phytomedicine 2007;14(7‐8):437‐46. - PubMed
Conrotto 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Conrotto D, Carbone M, Carrozzo M, Arduino P, Broccoletti R, Pentenero M, et al. Ciclosporin vs. clobetasol in the topical management of atrophic and erosive oral lichen planus: a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2006;154(1):139‐45. - PubMed
Corrocher 2008 {published data only}
    1. Corrocher G, Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, Mansueto P, Biasi D, Nocini PF, et al. Comparative effect of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol 0.05% ointment in patients with oral lichen planus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2008;35(3):244‐9. - PubMed
Dillenburg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dillenburg CS, Martins MA, Munerato MA, Marques MM, Carrard VC, Sant'Ana Filho M, et al. Efficacy of laser phototherapy in comparison to topical clobetasol for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2014;19(6):068002‐9. - PubMed
Ezzatt 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ezzatt OM, Helmy IM. Topical pimecrolimus versus betamethasone for oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Oral Investigations 2019;23:947‐56. - PubMed
Fu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fu J, Zhu X, Dan H, Zhou Y, Liu C, Wang F, et al. Amlexanox is effective as dexamethasone in topical treatment of erosive lichen planus: a short‐term pilot study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology 2012;113:638‐43. - PubMed
Ghabanchi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ghabanchi J, Bahri Najafi R, Haghnegahdar S. Treatment of oral inflammatory diseases with a new mucoadhesive prednisolone table versus triamcinolone acetonide paste. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2009; Vol. 11, issue 2:155‐9.
Gorouhi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gorouhi F, Solhpour A, Beitollahi JM, Afshar S, Davari P, Hashemi P, et al. Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream versus triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;57(5):806‐13. - PubMed
Hashem 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hashem AS, Issrani R, Elsayed TE, Prabhu N. Topical hyaluronic acid in the management of oral lichen planus: a comparative study. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 2019;10:e12385. - PubMed
Hegarty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hegarty AM, Hodgson TA, Lewsey JD, Porter SR. Fluticasone propionate spray and betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthrinse: a randomized crossover study for the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2002;47(2):271‐9. - PubMed
Hesen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hesen RR, Abuel‐Ela HA, Helmy IM, Sayed MH, Ezzatt OM. Glucosamine as a novel adjunctive therapy in symptomatic oral lichen planus. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2017;9:941‐6.
Hettiarachchi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hettiarachchi PV, Hettiarachchi RM, Jayasinghe RD, Sitheeque M. Comparison of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a double‐blinded, randomized clinical trial in Sri Lanka. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 2017;8(4):e12237. - PubMed
Kia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kia SJ, Shirazian S, Mansourian A, Khodadadi Fard L, Ashnagar S. Comparative efficacy of topical curcumin and triamcinolone for oral lichen planus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran) 2015;12:789‐96. - PMC - PubMed
Laeijendecker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Laeijendecker R, Tank B, Dekker SK, Neumann HA. A comparison of treatment of oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus and triamcinolone acetonide ointment. Acta Dermato‐venereologica 2006;86:227‐9. - PubMed
Liu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Liu C, Xie B, Yang Y, lin D, Wang C, Lin M, et al. Efficacy of intralesional betamethasone for erosive oral lichen planus and evaluation of recurrence: a randomized, controlled trial. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology 2013;116:584‐90. - PubMed
Lodi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lodi G, Tarozzi M, Sardella A, Demarosi F, Canegallo L, Benedetto D, et al. Miconazole as adjuvant therapy for oral lichen planus: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2007;156(6):1336‐41. - PubMed
Malhotra 2008 {published data only}
    1. Khaitan BK, Malhotra A, Sharma VK, Sethuraman G. Efficacy and safety of betamethasone oral mini‐pulse therapy compared with topical triamcinolone acetonide oral paste in oral lichen planus: a randomized comparative study (Abstract FC03.11). Journal of the of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19 Suppl 2:12‐3. - PubMed
    1. Malhotra AK, Khaitan BK, Sethuraman G, Sharma VK. Betamethasone oral mini‐pulse therapy compared with topical triamcinolone acetonide (0.1%) paste in oral lichen planus: a randomized comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2008;58(4):596‐602. - PubMed
Mostafa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mostafa D, Moussa E, Alnouaem M. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in treatment of oral erosive lichen planus in comparison with topically applied corticosteroids. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2017;19:56‐66. - PubMed
Pakfetrat 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pakfetrat A, Delavarian Z, Falaki F, Khorashadizadeh M, Saba M. The effect of pimecrolimus cream 1% compared with triamcinolone acetonide paste in treatment of atrophic‐erosive oral lichen planus. Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2015;27:119‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Rodstrom 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rodstrom PO, Hakeberg M, Jontell M, Nordin P. Erosive oral lichen planus treated with clobetasol propionate and triamcinolone acetonide in Orabase: a double‐blind clinical trial. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1994;5(1):7‐10.
    1. Rodstrom PO, Hakeburg M, Jontell M, Nordin P, et al. Treatment of oral lichen planus by topical application of clobetasol propionate (Dermovat) in Orabase (IADR Abstract 1123). Journal of Dental Research 1992;72:656.
Siponen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Siponen M, Huuskonen L, Kallio‐Pulkkinen S, Nieminen P, Salo T. Topical tacrolimus, triamcinolone acetonide, and placebo in oral lichen planus: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Oral Diseases 2017;23:660‐8. - PubMed
Sivaraman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sivaraman S, Santham K, Nelson A, Laliytha B, Azhalvel P, Deepak JH. A randomized triple‐blind clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of topical triamcinolone acetonate (0.1%), clobetasol propionate (0.05%), and tacrolimus Orabase (0.03%) in the management of oral lichen planus. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2016;8(Suppl 1):S86‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Thomas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Thomas AE, Varma B, Kurup S, Jose R, Chandy ML, Kumar SP, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of 1% curcuminoids as local application in management of oral lichen planus – interventional study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2017;11:ZC89‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Voute 1993 {published data only}
    1. Voute AB, Schulten EA, Langendijk PN, Kostense PJ, Waal I. Fluocinonide in an adhesive base for treatment of oral lichen planus. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 1993;75(2):181‐5. - PubMed
Wei 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wei X, Li BQ, Zhou XD, Chen QM. Clinical effect of mycostatin paste plus dexamethasone paste in treatment of patients with OLP. Journal of Clinical Stomatology 2003;19(9):568‐9.
Xiong 2009 {published data only}
    1. Xiong C, Li Q, Lin M, Li X, Meng W, Wu Y, et al. The efficacy of topical intralesional BCG‐PSN injection in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2009;38:551‐8. - PubMed
Xu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Xu YZ, Geng Y, Liu YX, Fuan YQ, Li J. Clinical study on three‐step treatment of oral lichen planus by integrated traditional and western medicine. Journal of Modern Stomatology 2002;16:344‐6.
Yoke 2006 {published data only}
    1. Yoke PC, Tin GB, Kim MJ, Rajaseharan A, Ahmed S, Thongprasom K, et al. A randomized controlled trial to compare steroid with cyclosporine for the topical treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2006;102:47‐55. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Agarwal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Agarwal S, Gupta G, Sayal SK. Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of the dapsone (alone), dapsone plus tacrolimus (topical) and dapsone plus triamcinolone (topical) in oral lichen planus. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2013;4(1):83‐6.
Agha‐Hosseini 2010 {published data only}
    1. Agha‐Hosseini F, Borhan‐Mojabi K, Monsef‐Esfahani HR, Mirzaii‐Dizgah I, Etemad‐Moghadam S, Karagah A. Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Phytotherapy Research 2010;24(2):240‐4. - PubMed
Amirchaghmaghi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Amirchaghmaghi M, Delavarian Z, Iranshahi M, Shakeri MT, Mozafari PM, Mohammadpour AH, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled double blind clinical trial of quercetin for treatment of oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 2014;9(1):23‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Arbabi‐Kalati 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arbabi‐Kalati F, Farahmand MM. Evaluation of the efficacy of lycopene in the management of oral lichen planus. Tehran University Medical Journal 2017;75:658‐62.
Azizi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Azizi A, Dadras OG, Jafari M, Ghadim NM, Lawaf S, Sadri D. Efficacy of 0.1% triamcinolone with nanoliposomal carrier formulation in Orabase for oral lichen planus patients: a clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2015;8:275‐80.
Bakhtiar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bakhtiar R, Noor SM, Paracha MM. Effectiveness of oral methotrexate therapy versus systemic corticosteroid therapy in treatment of generalised lichen planus. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons‐‐Pakistan : JCPSP 2018;28:505‐8. - PubMed
Boisnic 1994 {published data only}
    1. Boisnic S, Branchet MC, Pascal F, Ben Slama L, Rostin M, Szpirglas H. Topical tretinoin in the treatment of lichen planus and leukoplakia of the mouth mucosa. A clinical evaluation. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 1994;121(6‐7):459‐63. - PubMed
Bouloc 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bouloc A, Revuz J, Bagot M, Wechsler J, Natta P. KH 1060 for the treatment of lichen planus: a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study. Archives of Dermatology 2000; Vol. 136, issue 10:1272. - PubMed
Buajeeb 1997 {published data only}
    1. Buajeeb W, Kraivaphan P, Pobrurksa C. Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 1997;83(1):21‐5. - PubMed
Buajeeb 2000 {published data only}
    1. Buajeeb W, Pobrurksa C, Kraivaphan P. Efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2000;89(1):42‐5. - PubMed
Chang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chang AL, Badger J, Rehmus W, Kimball AB. Alefacept for erosive lichen planus: a case series. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2008;7(4):339‐43. - PubMed
Choonhakarn 2008 {published data only}
    1. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P. The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;158(3):573‐7. - PubMed
Cilurzo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cilurzo F, Gennari CG, Selmin F, Epstein JB, Gaeta GM, Colella G, et al. A new mucoadhesive dosage form for the management of oral lichen planus: formulation study and clinical study. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2010;76(3):437‐42. - PubMed
Delavarian 2010 {published data only}
    1. Delavarian Z, Javadzadeh‐Bolouri A, Dalirsani Z, Arshadi HR, Toofani‐Asl H. The evaluation of psychiatric drug therapy on oral lichen planus patients with psychiatric disorders. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 2010; Vol. 15, issue 2:e322‐7. - PubMed
Eisen 1990 {published data only}
    1. Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA, Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. A double‐blind analysis. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(5):290‐4. - PubMed
Gaeta 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gaeta GM, Serpico R, Femiano F, Rotonda MI, Cappello B, Gombos F. Cyclosporin bioadhesive gel in the topical treatment of erosive oral lichen planus. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 1994;7:125‐32.
Giustina 1986 {published data only}
    1. Giustina TA, Stewart JC, Ellis CN, Regezi JA, Annesley T, Woo TY, et al. Topical application of isotretinoin gel improves oral lichen planus. A double‐blind study. Archives of Dermatology 1986;122(5):534‐6. - PubMed
Glade 1998 {published data only}
    1. Glade CP, Vleuten CJ, Erp PE, Jong EM, Kerkhof PC. The epidermis of chronic idiopathic lichen planus during topical treatment with the vitamin D3 analogue KH 1060. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1998;23(1):14‐8. - PubMed
Greenspan 1978 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan JS, Yeoman CM, Harding SM. Oral lichen planus. A double‐blind comparison of treatment with betamethasone valerate aerosol and pellets. British Dental Journal 1978;144(3):83‐4. - PubMed
Gunther 1973 {published data only}
    1. Gunther S. The therapeutic value of retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) in lichen planus of the oral mucous membrane. Dermatologica 1973;147(2):130‐6. - PubMed
Hantash 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hantash BM, Kanzler MH. The efficacy of tetracycline antibiotics for treatment of lichen planus: an open‐label clinical trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2007; Vol. 156, issue 4:758‐60. - PubMed
Harpenau 1995 {published data only}
    1. Harpenau LA, Plemons JM, Rees TD. Effectiveness of a low dose of cyclosporine in the management of patients with oral erosive lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 1995;80(2):161‐7. - PubMed
Hersle 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hersle K, Mobacken H, Sloberg K, Thilander H. Severe oral lichen planus: treatment with an aromatic retinoid (etretinate). British Journal of Dermatology 1982;106(1):77‐80. - PubMed
Jajarm 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jajarm HH, Falaki F, Mahdavi O. A comparative pilot study of low intensity laser versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive‐atrophic oral lichen planus. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2011;29(6):421‐5. - PubMed
Javadzadeh 2008 {published data only}
    1. Javadzadeh A, Vatanpour H, Delavarian Z, Momajed A, Esmaeily H, Vatanpour M, et al. Efficacy of clobetasol, ketoconazole and amitriptyline mouthwash on oral lichen planus. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2008; Vol. 7, issue 3:171‐8.
Joshy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Joshy A, Doggalli N, Patil K, Kulkarni PK. To evaluate the efficacy of topical propolis in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2018;9(65):71. - PMC - PubMed
Kellett 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kellett JK, Ead RD. Treatment of lichen planus with a short course of oral prednisolone. British Journal of Dermatology 1990; Vol. 123, issue 4:550‐1. - PubMed
Laurberg 1991 {published data only}
    1. Laurberg G, Geiger JM, Hjorth N, Holm P, Hou‐Jensen K, Jacobsen KU, et al. Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in 65 patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991;24(3):434‐7. - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee YC, Shin SY, Kim SW, Eun YG. Intralesional injection versus mouth rinse of triamcinolone acetonide in oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled study. Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 2013;148:443‐9. - PubMed
Lin 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lin LM, Qi XM. Comparative observation on the effects of Radix tripterygium hypoglaucum tablet and Tripterygium glycosides tablet in treating erosive oral lichen planus. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2005;11(2):149‐50. - PubMed
Lundquist 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lundquist G, Forsgren H, Gajecki M, Emtestam L. Photochemotherapy of oral lichen planus. A controlled study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 1995;79(5):554‐8. - PubMed
Mansourian 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mansourian A, Momen‐Heravi F, Saheb‐Jamee M, Esfehani M, Khalilzadeh O, Momen‐Beitollahi J. Comparison of aloe vera mouthwash with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% on oral lichen planus: a randomized double‐blinded clinical trial. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2011;342(6):447‐51. - PubMed
McCaughey 2010 {published data only}
    1. McCaughey C, Machan M, Bennett R, Zone J, Hull C. Pimecrolimus 1% cream for oral erosive lichen planus: a 6‐week randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study with a 6‐week open‐label extension to assess efficacy and safety. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2010;25(9):1061‐7. - PubMed
Mirza 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mirza S, Rehmanb N, Alrahlahc A, Alamrid WR, Vohrae F. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy or low level laser therapy against steroid therapy in the treatment of erosive‐atrophic oral lichen planus. Photodiagnosis Photodynamic Therapy 2018;21:404‐8. - PubMed
Mostafa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mostafa B, Zakaria M. Evaluation of combined topical ozone and steroid therapy in management of oral lichen planus. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Science 2018;20:879‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Mousavi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mousavi F, Sherafati S, Mojaver YN. Ignatia in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Homeopathy 2009;98(1):40‐4. - PubMed
Nolan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nolan A, Badminton J, Maguire J, Seymour RA. The efficacy of topical hyaluronic acid in the management of oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2009;38(3):299‐303. - PubMed
Passeron 2007 {published data only}
    1. Passeron T, Lacour JP, Fontas E, Ortonne JP. Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with 1% pimecrolimus cream: a double‐blind, randomized, prospective trial with measurement of pimecrolimus levels in the blood. Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(4):472‐6. - PubMed
Radfar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Radfar L, Wild RC, Suresh L. A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2008;105(2):187‐93. - PubMed
Reddy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Reddy RL, Reddy RS, Ramesh T, Singh TR, Swapna LA, Laxmi NV. Randomized trial of aloe vera gel vs triamcinolone acetonide ointment in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Quintessence International 2012;43(9):793‐800. - PubMed
Riaz 2017 {published data only}
    1. Riaz HM, Shakeel A, Shaheen MA, Jaa K. Efficacy of pimecrolimus cream and triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Medical Forum 2017;28:76‐80.
Salazar‐Sánchez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Salazar‐Sánchez N, López‐Jornet P, Camacho‐Alonso F, Sánchez‐Siles M. Efficacy of topical Aloe vera in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized double‐blind study. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2010;39(10):735‐40. - PubMed
Singh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Singh AR, Rai A, Aftab M, Jain S, Singh M. Efficacy of steroidal vs non‐steroidal agents in oral lichen planus: a randomised, open‐label study. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2017;131:69‐76. - PubMed
Swift 2005 {published data only}
    1. Swift JC, Rees TD, Plemons JM, Hallmon WW, Wright JC. The effectiveness of 1% pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of oral erosive lichen planus. Journal of Periodontology 2005;76(4):627‐35. - PubMed
Tyldesley 1977 {published data only}
    1. Tyldesley WR, Harding SM. Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus. British Journal of Dermatology 1977;96(6):659‐62. - PubMed
Volz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Volz T, Caroli U, Ludtke H, Brautigam M, Kohler‐Spath H, Rocken M, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in erosive oral lichen planus – a prospective randomized double‐blind vehicle‐controlled study. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;159(4):936‐41. - PubMed
Wu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y, Zhou G, Zeng H, Xiong CR, Lin M, Zhou HM. A randomized double‐blind, positive‐control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2010;110(2):188‐95. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Fricain 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fricain JC, Boralevi F, Hüttenberger B, Sammini M, Vaillant L. Effectiveness of topical rapamycin in the treatment of lichen planus. Oral Diseases 2014;20(s2):16.
Qu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Qu CH. Observation on the therapeutic effect of therapy of integrated medicine in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China 2016;14(5):96‐7.

References to ongoing studies

2017‐002193‐40 {published data only}
    1. 2017‐002193‐40. Clinical study in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients to assess how safe and effective the Rivelin®‐CLO patches are when applied in the mouth. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/search?query=%222017‐002193‐40%22 (first received 4 April 2018).
ChiCTR1800016507 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800016507. An evaluation on the short‐term efficacy and safety of 0.01% compound betamethasone mouth rinse in treatment of oral erosion lichen planus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28090 (first received 5 June 2018).
CTRI/2018/03/012661 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/03/012661. Use of curcumin (turmeric) in treatment of oral ulcers due to lichen planus. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=21106 (first received 19 March 2018).
CTRI/2018/08/015185 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/08/015185. Treatment for the local application of oral ulcers seen in oral lichen planus. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19980 (first received 3 August 2018).
CTRI/2018/08/015563 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/08/015563. Evaluation of the effectiveness of neem extracts mouthwash as an adjuvant therapeutic modality in the management of oral lichen planus. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=26260 (first received 31 August 2018).
Ferri 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ferri E, Barros Gallo C, Saad Abboud C, Yanaguizawa WH, Ratto Tempestini Horliana AC, Fatima Teixeira da Silva D, et al. Efficacy of photobiomodulation on oral lichen planus: a protocol study for a double‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2018;8:e024083. - PMC - PubMed
IRCT20171017036835N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20171017036835N2. The effect of vitamin D on oral lichen planus. en.irct.ir/trial/27430 (first received 8 March 2018).
IRCT20181226042133N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20181226042133N1. Comparison of therapeutic effect of mucoadhesive nano‐triamcinolone gel and conventional triamcinolone gel on oral lichen planus. en.irct.ir/trial/36282 (first received 8 January 2019). - PMC - PubMed
NCT03386643 {published data only}
    1. NCT03386643. Effect of Bifidobacterium animals subsp. lactis HN019 on oral lichen planus. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct03386643 (first received 29 December 2017).
NCT03592342 {published data only}
    1. NCT03592342. Intra‐oral treatment of OLP With Rivelin®‐CLO Patche. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03592342 (first received 19 July 2018).
NCT03738176 {published data only}
    1. NCT03738176. The efficacy of topical sesame oil versus topical triamcinolone on oral lichen planus and salivary level of oxidative stress biomarker. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03738176 (first received 13 November 2018).
NCT03793634 {published data only}
    1. NCT03793634. Evaluation of topical chamomile versus topical triamcinolone acetonide in management of oral lichen planus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03793634 (first received 4 January 2019).

Additional references

Aghbari 2017
    1. Aghbari SM, Abushouk AI, Attia A, Elmaraezy A, Menshawy A, Ahmed MS, et al. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a meta‐analysis of 20095 patient data. Oral Oncology 2017;68:92‐102. - PubMed
Ahluwalia 1998
    1. Ahluwalia A. Topical glucocorticoids and the skin – mechanisms of action: an update. Mediators of Inflammation 1998;7:183‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Akram 2018
    1. Akram Z, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Javed F. Efficacy of low‐level laser therapy compared to steroid therapy in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2018;47:11‐7. - PubMed
Al‐Hashimi 2007
    1. Al‐Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart PB, Wray D, Brennan M, Migliorati CA, et al. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2007;103(Suppl 1):S25.e1‐12. - PubMed
Al‐Maweri 2018
    1. Al‐Maweri SA, Ashraf S, Kalakonda B, Halboub E, Petro W, AlAizari NA. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2018;47(4):326‐32. - PubMed
Ali 2017
    1. Ali S, Wahbi W. The efficacy of aloe vera in management of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Oral Diseases 2017;23:913‐8. - PubMed
Alrashdan 2016
    1. Alrashdan MS, Cirillo N, McCullough M. Oral lichen planus: a literature review and update. Archives of Dermatological Research 2016;308:539‐51. - PubMed
Atkins 2004
    1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck‐Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490. - PMC - PubMed
Becker 2006
    1. Becker JC, Houben R, Vetter CS, Bröcker EB. The carcinogenic potential of tacrolimus ointment beyond immune suppression: a hypothesis creating case report. BMC Cancer 2006;6:7. - PMC - PubMed
Carrozzo 1999
    1. Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S. The management of oral lichen planus. Oral Diseases 1999;5(3):196‐205. - PubMed
Carrozzo 2004
    1. Carrozzo M, Uboldi de Capei M, Dametto E, Fasano ME, Arduino P, Broccoletti R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interferon‐gamma polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to oral lichen planus. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2004;122(1):87‐94. - PubMed
Carrozzo 2009
    1. Carrozzo M, Thorpe R. Oral lichen planus: a review. Minerva Stomatologica 2009;58(10):519‐37. - PubMed
Chamani 2015
    1. Chamani G, Rad M, Zarei MR, Lotfi S, Sadeghi M, Ahmadi Z. Efficacy of tacrolimus and clobetasol in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Dermatology 2015;54:996‐1004. - PubMed
Cribier 1998
    1. Cribier B, Frances C, Chosidow O. Treatment of lichen planus. An evidence‐based medicine analysis of efficacy. Archives of Dermatology 1998;134(12):1521‐30. - PubMed
Eisen 2002
    1. Eisen D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2002;46(2):207‐14. - PubMed
Eisen 2005
    1. Eisen D, Carrozzo M, Bagan Sebastian JV, Thongprasom K. Number V Oral lichen planus: clinical features and management. Oral Diseases 2005;11(6):338‐49. - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Moles 2008
    1. Gonzalez‐Moles MA, Scully C, Gil‐Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Diseases 2008;14(3):229‐43. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Kazancioglu 2015
    1. Kazancioglu HO, Erisen M. Comparison of low‐level laser therapy versus ozone therapy in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Annals of Dermatology 2015;27:485‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Kramer 1978
    1. Kramer IR, Lucas RB, Pindborg JJ, Sobin LH. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 1978;46:518‐39. - PubMed
Le Cleach 2012
    1. Cleach L, Chosidow O. Clinical practice. Lichen planus. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366:723‐32. - PubMed
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Lodi 2005a
    1. Lodi G, Scully C, Carrozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: report of an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2005;100(1):40‐51. - PubMed
Lodi 2005b
    1. Lodi G, Scully C, Carrozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: report of an international consensus meeting. Part 2. Clinical management and malignant transformation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2005;100(2):164‐78. - PubMed
Lodi 2010
    1. Lodi G, Pellicano R, Carrozzo M. Hepatitis C virus infection and lichen planus: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. Oral Diseases 2010;16:601‐12. - PubMed
López‐Jornet 2010
    1. López‐Jornet P, Camacho‐Alonso F. Quality of life in patients with oral lichen planus. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2010;16(1):111‐3. - PubMed
Mattsson 2010
    1. Mattsson U, Magnusson B, Jontell M. Squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus treated with topical application of tacrolimus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2010;110(1):e19‐25. - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. - PMC - PubMed
Ní Ríordáin 2015
    1. Ní Ríordáin R, Shirlaw P, Alajbeg I, Al Zamel G, Fung L, Yuan AD, et al. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: patient‐reported outcome measures and oral mucosal disease: current status and future direction. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology 2015;120:152‐60. - PubMed
Schünemann 2017
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl E, et al. on behalf of the Cochrane GRADEing Methods Group and the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Chapter 11: Completing 'Summary of findings' tables and grading the confidence in or quality of the evidence. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Suresh 2016
    1. Suresh SS, Chokshi K, Desai S, Malu R, Chokshi A. Medical management of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2016;10:ZE10‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Tadakamadla 2015
    1. Tadakamadla J, Kumar S, Johnson NW. Quality of life in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology 2015;119:644‐55. - PubMed
Thomas 1997
    1. Thomas DW, Stephens P, Stephens M, Patten DW, Lim SH. T‐cell receptor V beta usage by lesional lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 1997;26:105‐9. - PubMed
Thongprasom 1992
    1. Thongprasom K, Luangjarmekorn L, Sererat T, Taweesap W. Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 1992;21(10):456‐8. - PubMed
Van der Meij 2003
    1. Meij EH, Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2003;32:507‐12. - PubMed
Varoni 2012
    1. Varoni EM, Molteni A, Sardella A, Carrassi A, Candia D, Gigli F, et a. Pharmacokinetics study about topical clobetasol on oral mucosa. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2012;41:255‐60. - PubMed
Zegarelli 1960
    1. Zegarelli EV, Kutscher AH. Triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of erosive lichen planus of the oral mucosae. Preliminary report. Archives of Dermatology 1960;82:1010‐1. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Chan 1999
    1. Chan ES, Thornhill M, Zakrzewska JJ. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001168] - DOI - PubMed
Thongprasom 2011
    1. Thongprasom K, Carrozzo M, Furness S, Lodi G. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001168.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms