Renal Cystic Disease

Excerpt

Renal cystic disease (RCD) refers to a group of pathologic conditions associated with the development of renal cysts. These conditions may present in children and adults with extrarenal symptoms and have genetic or non-inherited etiologies. The renal cysts caused by these conditions are some of the most common renal abnormalities and can vary from being clinically insignificant to resulting in end-stage renal disease. The most common genetic RCD in adults is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a type of hepatorenal fibrocystic disease (HRFCD); the most common acquired kidney cyst is a simple renal cyst.

Renal cystic disease is typically differentiated and diagnosed by clinical features, such as patient age, symptoms, renal function, and cyst characteristics (eg, size, shape, location, and number). Diagnostic studies consist of renal imaging, laboratory tests, and genetic testing. Management typically involves supportive therapy, surveillance and treatment of complications, and, in some patients, transplantation.

Most renal cystic disorders are not well-known or understood by the general population. Therefore, patients and their families must receive adequate counseling and education to understand the particular disorder diagnosed as various rare cystic renal syndromes may have genetic implications. Healthcare professionals should enhance their competence in evaluating, managing, and educating patients about renal cystic disease. Furthermore, clinicians should be empowered to drive positive changes, enhance patient safety, and improve overall care quality, enabling them to provide evidence-based and patient-centered care.