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. 2020 Mar 4;15(3):e0228485.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228485. eCollection 2020.

Trichoderma from Brazilian garlic and onion crop soils and description of two new species: Trichoderma azevedoi and Trichoderma peberdyi

Peter W Inglis  1 , Sueli C M Mello  1 , Irene Martins  1 , João B T Silva  1 , Kamilla Macêdo  1 , Daniel N Sifuentes  1 , M Cleria Valadares-Inglis  1
Affiliations

Trichoderma from Brazilian garlic and onion crop soils and description of two new species: Trichoderma azevedoi and Trichoderma peberdyi

Peter W Inglis et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Map of Southeastern Brazil showing soil collection sites and recovered Trichoderma species.
Fig 2
Fig 2
A-C. Midpoint rooted Bayesian phylogram (split into three parts as indicated in the overview), based on the concatenation of act, cal, ITS, rpb2 and tef1-α matrices. Posterior probabilities are given above branches (> 0.9) and the scale bar represents expected changes per site. Strains sequenced in the present study are in bold and are followed by CENxxx numbers. Two new Trichoderma species, T. azevedoi and T. peberdyi are indicated.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Culture characteristics and morphology of T. azevedoi sp. nov. strain CEN1422 (holotype).
Panels A-I: Growth on three different media, PDA (A); SNA (B); CMD (C); and morphology of the conidia (D, E), phialides (G, H) and chlamydospores (G) using optical microscopy and conidia and chlamydospores using electron microscopy (F, I).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Culture characteristics and morphology of T. peberdyi sp. nov. strain CEN1426 (holotype).
Panels A-I: Growth on three different media, PDA (A); SNA (B); CMD (C); and morphology of the conidia (D, E) and phialides using optical microscopy (G, H) and conidia using electron microscopy (F, I).
Fig 5
Fig 5. AFLP midpoint rooted Bayesian phylogram.
Posterior probabilities are given above branches (>0.9) and the scale bar represents expected changes per site. Species names are followed by strain number and collection location by Brazilian state.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Dendrogram based on MALDI TOF analysis of Trichoderma strains isolated from garlic and onion crop soils.
Species names are followed by strain number and collection location by Brazilian state.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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