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. 2020 Jun;29(6):854-857.
doi: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8114. Epub 2020 Mar 9.

Sex As a Biological Variable: The Importance of Curriculum Development in the 21st Century

Judith G Regensteiner  1   2 , Anne M Libby  1   3 , Lisa Begg  4 , Melissa Ghim  4 , Janine A Clayton  4
Affiliations

Sex As a Biological Variable: The Importance of Curriculum Development in the 21st Century

Judith G Regensteiner et al. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020 Jun.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
The number of published papers listed in PubMed pertaining to sex differences in microbiology and immunology. On September 26, 2017, PubMed search results for “sex differences” and “microbiology” yielded a total of 4,456 papers published between 1960 and 2017 (A) and search results for “sex differences” and “immunology” yielded a total of 7,086 papers that were published between 1957 and 2017 (B). For each search, there was an increase (i.e., >100 papers/year) in the 1990s. Since the 1990s, there has been a steady increase in the number of published papers in microbiology and immunology relevant to sex-difference research. (reproduced from Potluri et al.).
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Reported sex of animals in published preclinical studies (reproduced from Potluri et al.).
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Gains in life expectancy in U.S. counties, comparing women and men 1985–2010 (reproduced from Wang et al.).
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
Sex differences research across biomedical research continuum (reproduced from Clayton).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Heidari S, Babor TF, De Castro P, Tort S, Curno M. Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Res Integr Peer Rev 2016;1:2. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Potluri T, Engle K, Fink AL, Vom Steeg LG, Klein SL. Sex reporting in preclinical microbiological and immunological research. mBio 2017;8:e01868-17 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu KA, Mager NA. Women's involvement in clinical trials: Historical perspective and future implications. Pharm Pract 2016;14:708 - PMC - PubMed

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