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. 2020 Mar 11;10(3):23.
doi: 10.3390/bios10030023.

Simultaneous Determination of Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline using a Oracet-Blue/Silver-Nanoparticle/Graphene-Oxide/Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Sanaz Akbarzadeh  1 , Habibollah Khajesharifi  1 , Michael Thompson  2   3
Affiliations

Simultaneous Determination of Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline using a Oracet-Blue/Silver-Nanoparticle/Graphene-Oxide/Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Sanaz Akbarzadeh et al. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

In this paper, an electrochemical technique is introduced for the determination of streptomycin (STR) in the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC) in milk samples. A novel bifunctional modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with oracet blue, silver nanoparticles, and graphene oxide (OB/SNPs/GO/SPE) was fabricated. The modified electrode plays a catalyzer role for electrooxidation of STR at pH = 7.0 and reveals a facile a separation between the oxidation peaks of STR and OTC. Calculation of kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient α and the heterogeneous rate constant k´ of STR at the OB/SNPs/GO/SPE as 8.1 ± 0.07 cm s-1 and 0.32 have been obtained based on the theoretical model of Andrieux and Saveant. A differential pulse voltammetric measurement demonstrates two linear dynamic ranges, 0.4 to 240.0 nM and 240.0 to 720.0 nM and a detection limit of 0.17 nM for STR. The sensitivities of the OB/SNPs/GO/SPE towards the oxidation of STR in the absence and presence of OTC were 2.625 × 10-1 and 2.633 × 10-1 µA/µM, respectively.

Keywords: graphene oxide; oracet blue; oxytetracycline; screen-printed electrode; streptomycin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Oracet blue (OB) structure.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
The procedure of electrode preparation.
Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of the morphology of (a) silver-nanoparticles/graphene-oxide-modified screen-printed electrode (SNPs/GO/SPE), (b) oracet-blue/silver-nanoparticles/graphene-oxide-modified screen-printed electrode (OB/SNPs/GO/SPE) and (c) the TEM image of SNPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cyclic voltammetric responses of GO/OB/SNP/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH = 7.0 at different scan rates (The numbers 1–5 correspond to 20–100 mV s−1). Insets: (A) plots of anodic and cathodic peak currents vs. of scan rate. (B) Variation of the peak potentials vs. the logarithm of the scan rate. (C) Magnification of the same plot for high scan rates.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Cyclic voltammograms of OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in the absence (a) and presence (b) of 0.1 mM STR. Cyclic voltammograms of SNPs/GO/SPE (c) and OB/GO/SPE (d) in the presence of 0.1mM STR. (e,f). As (b) for SNPs/SPE, and GO/SPE, conditions: 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 at scan rate 20 mV·s−1. (B) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the electrode for SPE, GO/SPE, SNPs/SPE, SNPs/GO/SPE, OB/GO/SPE, and OB/SNPs/GO/SPE.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Linear sweep voltammograms of OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in 0.l M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 containing 0.1 mM STR at different scan rates (The numbers 1–7 correspond to 4–16 mV·s−1). Inset B shows variation of the electrocatalytic current versus the square root of the scan rate.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chronoamperometric response of the OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 at potential step of 570 mV for different concentrations of STR. The numbers 1–11 correspond to 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 mM of STR, respectively. Insets: (A) plots of I versus t−1/2 obtained from the Chronoamperograms and (B) plot of the straight lines against the STR concentration.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Differential pulse voltammograms of OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in a 0.1M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 containing different concentrations of STR and OTC. Numbers 1–25 correspond to (00.0–700.0 µM STR and 10.0–70.0 µM OTC. Insets: (B,C) show the plots of the electrocatalytic peak current as a function of STR and OTC concentrations, respectively.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) Differential pulse voltammograms of OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 containing 15.0 µM OTC and different concentrations of STR. Numbers 1–9 correspond to 170.0, 180.0, 190.0, 200.0, 210.0, 220.0, 230.0, 240.0, and 250.0 µM STR, respectively. Inset shows the plot of the electrocatalytic peak current as a function of STR concentration within the 170.0–250.0 µM range. (B) Differential pulse voltammograms of OB/SNPs/GO/SPE in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 containing 170.0 µM STR and different concentrations of OTC. Numbers 1–8 correspond to 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, and 50.0 µM OTC, respectively. Inset shows the plot of the electrocatalytic peak current as a function of OTC concentration within the 15.0–50.0 µM range.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Differential pulse voltammograms of the GO/OB/SNP/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.0 containing different concentrations of STR (from 0.36 to 0.67 V and peak potential of 0.54 V). The voltammograms correspond to STR. Inset A shows the plots of the electrocatalytic peak current as a function of STR concentration in the range of 0.4 to 240.0 nM and inset B is the peak current as a function of STR concentration in the range of 240.0 to 720.0 nM.
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