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. 2020 Mar 11;10(3):506.
doi: 10.3390/nano10030506.

Electrospun Active Biopapers of Food Waste Derived Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Short-Term and Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance

Kelly J Figueroa-Lopez  1 , Sergio Torres-Giner  1 , Daniela Enescu  2 , Luis Cabedo  3 , Miguel A Cerqueira  2 , Lorenzo M Pastrana  2 , Jose M Lagaron  1
Affiliations

Electrospun Active Biopapers of Food Waste Derived Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Short-Term and Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance

Kelly J Figueroa-Lopez et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

This research reports about the development by electrospinning of fiber-based films made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from fermented fruit waste, so-called bio-papers, with enhanced antimicrobial performance. To this end, different combinations of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were added to PHBV solutions and electrospun into mats that were, thereafter, converted into homogeneous and continuous films of ~130 μm. The morphology, optical, thermal, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and migration into food simulants of the resultant PHBV-based bio-papers were evaluated and their antimicrobial properties were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in both open and closed systems. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity decreased after 15 days due to the release of the volatile compounds, whereas the bio-papers filled with ZnONPs showed high antimicrobial activity for up to 48 days. The electrospun PHBV biopapers containing 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs successfully provided the most optimal activity for short and long periods against both bacteria.

Keywords: PHBV; active packaging; biopapers; electrospinning; essential oils; inorganic nanoparticles; migration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a,b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) showing scale markers of 200 nm and 100 nm, respectively. (c) Histogram of particle sizes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the electrospun fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): (a) Neat PHBV; (b) PHBV containing 10 wt% oregano essential oil (OEO); (c) PHBV containing 1 wt% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs); (d) PHBV containing 3 wt% ZnONPs; (e) PHBV containing 6 wt% ZnONPs; (f) PHBV containing 10 wt% ZnONPs. Scale markers of 50 μm in all cases.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the electrospun fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at: (a) 1 wt%; (b) 3 wt%; (c) 6 wt%; (d) 10 wt%. Scale markers of 500 nm in all cases.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs in a top view (left) and a cross-section (right) of the electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): (a,b) Neat PHBV; (c,d) PHBV containing 10 wt% oregano essential oil (OEO); (e,f) PHBV containing 1 wt% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs); (g,h) PHBV containing 3 wt% ZnONPs; (i,j) PHBV containing 6 wt% ZnONPs; (k,l) PHBV containing 10 wt% ZnONPs. Scale markers of 50 μm in all cases.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Antimicrobial properties of the electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing different contents of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in an open system for 24 h.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the electrospun fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing different amounts of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs): (a) PHBV + 7.5 wt% OEO + 0.75 wt% ZnONPs; (b) PHBV + 5 wt% OEO + 1.5 wt% ZnONPs; (c) PHBV + 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs. Scale markers of 50 μm in all cases.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the electrospun fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing different amounts of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs): (a) PHBV + 7.5 wt% OEO + 0.75 wt% ZnONPs; (b) PHBV + 5 wt% OEO + 1.5 wt% ZnONPs; (c) PHBV + 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs. Scale markers of 1 μm in all cases.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs in top view (top) and cross-section (bottom) of the electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing different amounts of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs): (a,b) PHBV + 7.5 wt% OEO + 0.75 wt% ZnONPs; (c,d) PHBV + 5 wt% OEO + 1.5 wt% ZnONPs; (e,f) PHBV + 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs. Scale markers of 50 μm and 100 μm, respectively.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Visual aspect of the electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): (a) Neat PHBV, (b) PHBV + 10 wt% oregano essential oil (OEO), (c) PHBV + 3 wt% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), (d) PHBV + 7.5 wt% OEO + 0.75 wt% ZnONPs, (e) PHBV + 5 wt% OEO + 1.5 wt% ZnO-NPs, and (f) PHBV + 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Evolution of weight (%) as a function of temperature of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), oregano essential oil (OEO), and electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing OEO and ZnONPs.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Diffractograms of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing oregano essential oil (OEO) and ZnONPs.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Antimicrobial activity of the electrospun biopapers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against (a) S. aureus and (b) E. coli in the open and closed systems for 48 days.
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