Transdermal drug delivery systems in diabetes management: A review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which there is an insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas, or the insulin produced is unable to be utilized effectively by the body. Diabetes affects more than 415 million people globally and is estimated to strike about 642 million people in 2040. The WHO reported that diabetes will become the seventh biggest cause of mortality in 2030. Insulin injection and oral hypoglycemic agents remain the primary treatments in diabetes management. These often present with poor patient compliance. However, over the last decade, transdermal systems in diabetes management have gained increasing attention and emerged as a potential hope in diabetes management owing to the advantages that they offer as compared to invasive injection and oral dosage forms. This review presents the recent advances and developments in transdermal research to achieve better diabetes management. Different technologies and approaches have been explored and applied to the transdermal systems to optimize diabetes management. Studies have shown that these transdermal systems demonstrate higher bioavailability compared to oral administration due to the avoidance of first-pass hepatic metabolism and a sustained drug release pattern. Besides that, transdermal systems have the advantage of reducing dosing frequency as drugs are released at a predetermined rate and control blood glucose level over a prolonged time, contributing to better patient compliance. In summary, the transdermal system is a field worth exploring due to its significant advantages over oral route in administration of antidiabetic drugs and biosensing of blood glucose level to ensure better clinical outcomes in diabetes management.

Keywords: Antidiabetic; Diabetes; Drug delivery system; Insulin; Transdermal.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Classification of diabetes mellitus.

Fig. 2

Insulin release from H₂O₂-responsive polymeric vesicle (Reprinted with permission from . Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society).

Fig. 3

HA-CuS Near Infrared Laser Nanosystem (Reprinted with permission from . Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society).

Fig. 4

Blood glucose levels of diabetic mice in four groups: subcutaneous insulin injection (positive control); untreated+insulin; HA-CUs treated+NIR laser+insulin; and untreated diabetic mice (blank control) (Reprinted with permission from . Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society).