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Review
. 2020 Feb 26;5(2):65-72.
doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180038. eCollection 2020 Feb.

The current state of bionic limbs from the surgeon's viewpoint

Marko Bumbaširević  1   2 , Aleksandar Lesic  1   2 , Tomislav Palibrk  1   2 , Darko Milovanovic  1   2 , Milan Zoka  3 , Tamara Kravić-Stevović  4 , Stanisa Raspopovic  5
Affiliations
Review

The current state of bionic limbs from the surgeon's viewpoint

Marko Bumbaširević et al. EFORT Open Rev. .

Abstract

Amputations have a devastating impact on patients' health with consequent psychological distress, economic loss, difficult reintegration into society, and often low embodiment of standard prosthetic replacement.The main characteristic of bionic limbs is that they establish an interface between the biological residuum and an electronic device, providing not only motor control of prosthesis but also sensitive feedback.Bionic limbs can be classified into three main groups, according to the type of the tissue interfaced: nerve-transferred muscle interfacing (targeted muscular reinnervation), direct muscle interfacing and direct nerve interfacing.Targeted muscular reinnervation (TMR) involves the transfer of the remaining nerves of the amputated stump to the available muscles.With direct muscle interfacing, direct intramuscular implants record muscular contractions which are then wirelessly captured through a coil integrated in the socket to actuate prosthesis movement.The third group is the direct interfacing of the residual nerves using implantable electrodes that enable reception of electric signals from the prosthetic sensors. This can improve sensation in the phantom limb.The surgical procedure for electrode implantation consists of targeting the proximal nerve area, competently introducing, placing, and fixing the electrodes and cables, while retaining movement of the arm/leg and nerve, and avoiding excessive neural damage.Advantages of bionic limbs are: the improvement of sensation, improved reintegration/embodiment of the artificial limb, and better controllability. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:65-72. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180038.

Keywords: bionic limbs; limb amputation; prosthetics.

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Conflict of interest statement

ICMJE Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest relevant to this work.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Articulated hand by AmbroiseParé from1579.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Surgical targets for bionic limb control andsensing.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Position of the electrodes in the nerves (Adapted from: Oddo CM, Raspopovic S, Artoni F, et al. Intraneural stimulation elicits discrimination of textural features by artificial fingertip in intact and amputee humans. eLife 2016;5:e09148 (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09148.003)). Note. As (Amplitude), Ts (Pulse duration)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Intraneural electrode placement (cadaveric preparation): (a) fascicles structures access, (b) electrode placement through different fascicles, (c) electrode fixation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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