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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Mar 16;3(3):CD011154.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011154.pub2.

Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne

Zhirong Yang  1   2 , Yuan Zhang  3 , Elvira Lazic Mosler  4   5 , Jing Hu  2 , Hang Li  6   7   8 , Yanchang Zhang  9 , Jia Liu  10 , Qian Zhang  11
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne

Zhirong Yang et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Acne is a common, economically burdensome condition that can cause psychological harm and, potentially, scarring. Topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a widely used acne treatment; however, its efficacy and safety have not been clearly evaluated.

Objectives: To assess the effects of BPO for acne.

Search methods: We searched the following databases up to February 2019: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews.

Selection criteria: We included RCTs that compared topical BPO used alone (including different formulations and concentrations of BPO) or as part of combination treatment against placebo, no treatment, or other active topical medications for clinically diagnosed acne (used alone or in combination with other topical drugs not containing BPO) on the face or trunk.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. Primary outcome measures were 'participant global self-assessment of acne improvement' and 'withdrawal due to adverse events in the whole course of a trial'. 'Percentage of participants experiencing any adverse event in the whole course of a trial' was a key secondary outcome.

Main results: We included 120 trials (29,592 participants randomised in 116 trials; in four trials the number of randomised participants was unclear). Ninety-one studies included males and females. When reported, 72 trials included participants with mild to moderate acne, 26 included participants with severe acne, and the mean age of participants ranged from 18 to 30 years. Our included trials assessed BPO as monotherapy, as add-on treatment, or combined with other active treatments, as well as BPO of different concentrations and BPO delivered through different vehicles. Comparators included different concentrations or formulations of BPO, placebo, no treatment, or other active treatments given alone or combined. Treatment duration in 80 trials was longer than eight weeks and was only up to 12 weeks in 108 trials. Industry funded 50 trials; 63 trials did not report funding. We commonly found high or unclear risk of performance, detection, or attrition bias. Trial setting was under-reported but included hospitals, medical centres/departments, clinics, general practices, and student health centres. We reported on outcomes assessed at the end of treatment, and we classified treatment periods as short-term (two to four weeks), medium-term (five to eight weeks), or long-term (longer than eight weeks). For 'participant-reported acne improvement', BPO may be more effective than placebo or no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 1.45; 3 RCTs; 2234 participants; treatment for 10 to 12 weeks; low-certainty evidence). Based on low-certainty evidence, there may be little to no difference between BPO and adapalene (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.10; 5 RCTs; 1472 participants; treatment for 11 to 12 weeks) or between BPO and clindamycin (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.34; 1 RCT; 240 participants; treatment for 10 weeks) (outcome not reported for BPO versus erythromycin or salicylic acid). For 'withdrawal due to adverse effects', risk of treatment discontinuation may be higher with BPO compared with placebo or no treatment (RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.93; 24 RCTs; 13,744 participants; treatment for 10 to 12 weeks; low-certainty evidence); the most common causes of withdrawal were erythema, pruritus, and skin burning. Only very low-certainty evidence was available for the following comparisons: BPO versus adapalene (RR 1.85, 95% CI 0.94 to 3.64; 11 RCTs; 3295 participants; treatment for 11 to 24 weeks; causes of withdrawal not clear), BPO versus clindamycin (RR 1.93, 95% CI 0.90 to 4.11; 8 RCTs; 3330 participants; treatment for 10 to 12 weeks; causes of withdrawal included local hypersensitivity, pruritus, erythema, face oedema, rash, and skin burning), erythromycin (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.07 to 15.26; 1 RCT; 60 participants; treatment for 8 weeks; withdrawal due to dermatitis), and salicylic acid (no participants had adverse event-related withdrawal; 1 RCT; 59 participants; treatment for 12 weeks). There may be little to no difference between these groups in terms of withdrawal; however, we are unsure of the results because the evidence is of very low certainty. For 'proportion of participants experiencing any adverse event', very low-certainty evidence leaves us uncertain about whether BPO increased adverse events when compared with placebo or no treatment (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.70; 21 RCTs; 11,028 participants; treatment for 10 to 12 weeks), with adapalene (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.00; 7 RCTs; 2120 participants; treatment for 11 to 24 weeks), with erythromycin (no participants reported any adverse events; 1 RCT; 89 participants; treatment for 10 weeks), or with salicylic acid (RR 4.77, 95% CI 0.24 to 93.67; 1 RCT; 41 participants; treatment for 6 weeks). Moderate-certainty evidence shows that the risk of adverse events may be increased for BPO versus clindamycin (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.58; 6 RCTs; 3018 participants; treatment for 10 to 12 weeks); however, the 95% CI indicates that BPO might make little to no difference. Most reported adverse events were mild to moderate, and local dryness, irritation, dermatitis, erythema, application site pain, and pruritus were the most common.

Authors' conclusions: Current evidence suggests that BPO as monotherapy or add-on treatment may be more effective than placebo or no treatment for improving acne, and there may be little to no difference between BPO and either adapalene or clindamycin. Our key efficacy evidence is based on participant self-assessment; trials of BPO versus erythromycin or salicylic acid did not report this outcome. For adverse effects, the evidence is very uncertain regarding BPO compared with adapalene, erythromycin, or salicylic acid. However, risk of treatment discontinuation may be higher with BPO compared with placebo or no treatment. Withdrawal may be linked to tolerability rather than to safety. Risk of mild to moderate adverse events may be higher with BPO compared with clindamycin. Further trials should assess the comparative effects of different preparations or concentrations of BPO and combination BPO versus monotherapy. These trials should fully assess and report adverse effects and patient-reported outcomes measured on a standardised scale.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Zhirong Yang: nothing to declare.

Yuan Zhang: nothing to declare.

Elvira Lazic Mosler: nothing to declare.

Jing Hu: nothing to declare.

Hang Li: nothing to declare.

Yanchang Zhang: nothing to declare.

Jia Liu: nothing to declare.

Qian Zhang: nothing to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.3 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.20 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 BPO versus adapalene, outcome: 2.2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (medium‐term data).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (medium‐term data).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (long‐term data).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 10 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 11 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 13 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 14 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (short‐term data).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 15 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 16 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 17 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 18 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (medium‐term data).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 19 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (short‐term data).
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 20 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 21 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 BPO versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 22 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (short‐term data).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (short‐term data).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 10 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 11 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 12 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (long‐term data).
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 13 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 14 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 15 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 16 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 17 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 18 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (short‐term data).
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 19 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 20 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 21 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 22 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (medium‐term data).
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 23 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (short‐term data).
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 24 Change in quality of life (long‐term data).
2.25
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 25 Change in quality of life (medium‐term data).
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 26 Change in quality of life (short‐term data).
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 27 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 BPO versus adapalene, Outcome 28 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (short‐term data).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 8 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 BPO versus clindamycin, Outcome 9 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 BPO versus erythromycin, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (medium‐term data).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 BPO versus salicylic acid, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 BPO versus tretinoin, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 BPO versus tretinoin, Outcome 2 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 BPO versus tretinoin, Outcome 3 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 BPO versus tretinoin, Outcome 4 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 2 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 8 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7 BPO versus isotretinoin, Outcome 9 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (short‐term data).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 BPO versus hydrogen peroxide, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 BPO versus isolutrol, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 BPO versus meclocycline, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 BPO versus tea tree oil, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 BPO versus chloroxylenol/zinc oxide, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (medium‐term data).
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (medium‐term data).
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (short‐term data).
13.6
13.6. Analysis
Comparison 13 BPO/adapalene versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
14.4
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
14.5
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
14.6
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
14.7
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
14.8
14.8. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
14.9
14.9. Analysis
Comparison 14 BPO/clindamycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 BPO/clindamycin versus adapalene, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 BPO/clindamycin versus adapalene, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 BPO/clindamycin versus adapalene, Outcome 3 Change in quality of life (long‐term data).
15.4
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 BPO/clindamycin versus adapalene, Outcome 4 Change in quality of life (short‐term data).
15.5
15.5. Analysis
Comparison 15 BPO/clindamycin versus adapalene, Outcome 5 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (long‐term data).
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 2 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (medium‐term data).
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 3 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (short‐term data).
16.4
16.4. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 4 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
16.5
16.5. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (long‐term data).
16.6
16.6. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
16.7
16.7. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
16.8
16.8. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
16.9
16.9. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
16.10
16.10. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 10 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
16.11
16.11. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 11 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in total lesions (short‐term data).
16.12
16.12. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 12 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
16.13
16.13. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 13 Investigator‐assessed percentage change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
16.14
16.14. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 14 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (long‐term data).
16.15
16.15. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 15 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (medium‐term data).
16.16
16.16. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 16 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (short‐term data).
16.17
16.17. Analysis
Comparison 16 BPO/clindamycin versus azelaic acid, Outcome 17 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 2 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
17.4
17.4. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
17.5
17.5. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
17.6
17.6. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
17.7
17.7. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
17.8
17.8. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (short‐term data).
17.9
17.9. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
17.10
17.10. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 10 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
17.11
17.11. Analysis
Comparison 17 BPO/clindamycin versus erythromycin/zinc, Outcome 11 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 BPO/clindamycin versus dapsone, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Participant's global self‐assessment of improvement (medium‐term data).
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (medium‐term data).
19.4
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
19.5
19.5. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
19.6
19.6. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
19.7
19.7. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
19.8
19.8. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
19.9
19.9. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
19.10
19.10. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 10 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (short‐term data).
19.11
19.11. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 11 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
19.12
19.12. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
19.13
19.13. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 13 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (medium‐term data).
19.14
19.14. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 14 'Clear' or 'Almost clear' rated on the IGA scale of acne severity (short‐term data).
19.15
19.15. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 15 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
19.16
19.16. Analysis
Comparison 19 BPO/erythromycin versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 16 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 BPO/erythromycin versus clindamycin, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 BPO/erythromycin versus clindamycin, Outcome 2 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 BPO/erythromycin versus viaminate, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (short‐term data).
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 1 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (long‐term data).
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 2 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 3 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (long‐term data).
22.4
22.4. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 4 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (medium‐term data).
22.5
22.5. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 5 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
22.6
22.6. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 6 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (medium‐term data).
22.7
22.7. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 7 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in total lesions (short‐term data).
22.8
22.8. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 8 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
22.9
22.9. Analysis
Comparison 22 BPO/glycolic acid/zinc lactate versus placebo, Outcome 9 Investigator‐assessed absolute change in non‐inflammatory lesions (short‐term data).
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 BPO/potassium hydroxyquinoline sulphate versus placebo, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 BPO 10% versus BPO 5%, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (medium‐term data).
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24 BPO 10% versus BPO 5%, Outcome 2 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 BPO 10% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 1 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 BPO 5% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
26.2
26.2. Analysis
Comparison 26 BPO 5% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (medium‐term data).
26.3
26.3. Analysis
Comparison 26 BPO 5% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 3 Change in quality of life (long‐term data).
26.4
26.4. Analysis
Comparison 26 BPO 5% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 4 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (long‐term data).
26.5
26.5. Analysis
Comparison 26 BPO 5% versus BPO 2.5%, Outcome 5 Percentage of participants with any adverse events (medium‐term data).
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27 BPO gel (6%) versus BPO cream (5.5%), Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data).
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References

References to studies included in this review

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Dogra 1993 {published data only}
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Eichenfield 2011 {published data only}
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Eichenfield 2013 {published data only}
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Fan 1998 {published data only}
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Fang 2002 {published data only}
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Fleischer 2010 {published data only}
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Fu 2003 {published data only}
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Fyrand 1986 {published data only}
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Gold 2009 {published data only}
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Gold 2010 {published data only}
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Gold 2016 {published data only}
    1. Alexis AF, Cook‐Bolden FE, York JP. Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide gel 0.3%/2.5%: a safe and effective acne therapy in all skin phototypes. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2017;16(6):574‐81. [CENTRAL: CN‐01416574; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Gollnick 2009 {published data only}
    1. 2006‐004215‐21. A multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of adapalene/benzoyl peroxide topical gel compared with adapalene topical gel, 0.1%; benzoyl peroxide topical gel, 2.5% and topical gel vehicle in subjects with acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2006‐004215‐21/DE (first received 31 October 2006).
    1. Alexis AF, Johnson LA, Kerrouche N, Callender VD. A subgroup analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide topical gel in black subjects with moderate acne. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(2):170‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00985276; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Goreshi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Goreshi R, Samrao A, Ehst BD. A double‐blind, randomized, bilateral comparison of skin irritancy following application of the combination acne products clindamycin/tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide/adapalene. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2012;11(12):1422‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00877482; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Guerra‐Tapia 2012 {published data only}
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Gupta 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gupta AK, Lynde CW, Kunynetz RA, Amin S, Choi K, Goldstein E. A randomized, double‐blind, multicenter, parallel group study to compare relative efficacies of the topical gels 3% erythromycin/5% benzoyl peroxide and 0.025% tretinoin/erythromycin 4% in the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris of the face. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine & Surgery 2003;7(1):31‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00435950; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. 2017‐001575‐23. Clinical evaluation of efficacy at 2 weeks of Duac fixed dose combination gel in treatment of facial acne vulgaris in Japanese subjects. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2017‐001575‐23/results (first received 21 September 2017).
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Jackson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jackson JM, Fu JJ, Almekinder JL. A randomized, investigator‐blinded trial to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin phosphate 1% gel compared with a clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2010;9(2):131‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00743909; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Jaffe 1989 {published data only}
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Jawade 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jawade SA, Saigaonkar VA, Kondalkar AR. Efficacy and tolerability of adapalene 0.1%‐benzoyl peroxide 2.5% combination gel in treatment of acne vulgaris in Indian patients: a randomized investigator‐blind controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2016;19(4):105‐12. [CENTRAL: CN‐01405922]
Ji 2000 {published data only}
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Jones 2002 {published data only}
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Kabir 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kabir M, Sadiq S, Raza A, Kanwal S, Tanvir T. Comparison of efficacy of adapalene (0.1% gel) monotherapy vs adapalene (0.1%) plus benzyl peroxide (2.5%) combination therapy for treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2018;12(2):587‐9.
Kaur 2015 {published data only}
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Kawashima 2014 {published data only}
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Kawashima 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kawashima M, Hashimoto H, Alio Saenz AB, Ono M, Yamada M. Clindamycin phosphate 12%‐benzoyl peroxide 30% fixed‐dose combination gel has an effective and acceptable safety and tolerability profile for the treatment of acne vulgaris in Japanese patients: a phase III, multicentre, randomised, single‐blinded, active‐controlled, parallel‐group study. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;172(2):494‐503. [CENTRAL: CN‐01115087] - PubMed
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Kawashima 2017a {published data only}
    1. Kawashima M, Nagare T, Katsuramaki T. Open‐label, randomized, multicenter, phase III study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of benzoyl peroxide gel in long‐term use in patients with acne vulgaris: a secondary publication. Journal of Dermatology 2017; Vol. 44, issue 6:635‐43. [CENTRAL: CN‐01459134; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Marazzi 2002 {published data only}
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    1. Miyachi Y, Mizzi F, Mita T, Bai L, Ikoma A. Efficacy and safety of a fixed dose combination gel of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris ‐ a multicenter, randomized, double‐blinded, active‐controlled, parallel group phase III study. [Japanese]. Skin Research 2016;15(4):278‐93.
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NCT00713609 {published data only}
    1. 2015‐004900‐44. A multi‐center randomized double blind vehicle‐controlled, phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin gel and tazarotene cream when used in combination in the treatment of acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2015‐004900‐44/results (results published 23 March 2017).
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NCT00787943 {published data only}
    1. NCT00787943. Study of two different 10.0% benzoyl peroxide creams for mild to moderate acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00787943 (first received 6 November 2008).
NCT01044264 {published data only}
    1. NCT01044264. Clinical study between two 1% clindamycin/5% benzoyl peroxide topical gel formulations. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01044264 (first received 4 January 2010).
NCT01138514 {published data only}
    1. NCT01138514. Clinical study between two clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gels. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01138514 (first received 4 June 2010).
NCT01231334 {published data only}
    1. NCT01231334. A study comparing Aczone® plus Differin® versus Duac® plus Differin® in patients with severe facial acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01231334 (first received 28 October 2010).
NCT01522456 {published data only}
    1. NCT01522456. Split‐face tolerability comparison between adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide gel versus tretinoin gel. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01522456 (first received 23 January 2012).
NCT02073461 {published data only}
    1. NCT02073461. Efficacy and safety study of 2 different concentrations of CD1579 gels versus vehicle in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02073461 (first received 20 February 2014).
NCT02465632 {published data only}
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Ozgen 2013 {published data only}
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Packman 1996 {published data only}
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Prince 1982 {published data only}
    1. Prince RA, Harris JM, Maroc JA. Comparative trial of benzoyl peroxide versus benzoyl peroxide with urea in inflammatory acne. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1982;29(6):638‐40, 644‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00028602; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. 2013‐004158‐81. A multi‐centre, single‐blind, parallel group, clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% and azelaic acid 20% in the topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2013‐004158‐81/results (results published 15 March 2016).
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Shahid 1996 {published data only}
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    1. Sklar JL, Jacobson C, Rizer R, Gans EH. Evaluation of triaz 10% gel and benzamycin in acne vulgaris. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1996;7(3):147‐52. [CENTRAL: CN‐00173449]
Smith 1980 {published data only}
    1. Smith EB, Padilla RS, McCabe JM, Becker LE. Benzoyl peroxide lotion (20 percent) in acne. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1980;25(1):90‐2. [CENTRAL: CN‐00269336; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Smith 2006 {published data only}
    1. Smith S, Kempers S. Multicenter, randomized, evaluator‐blinded, parallel group comparison study of the safety and efficacy of microentrapped benzoyl peroxide cream versus benzoyl peroxide gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Abstract P165. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB30. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602161]
    1. Smith SR, Kempers S. A study of 5.5% benzoyl peroxide microsphere cream versus 6% benzoyl peroxide gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Cosmetic Dermatology 2006;19(8):537‐42. [CENTRAL: CN‐00641810]
Stinco 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stinco G, Bragadin G, Trotter D, Pillon B, Patrone P. Relationship between sebostatic activity, tolerability and efficacy of three topical drugs to treat mild to moderate acne. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2007;21(3):320‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00586948; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Study 152 {published data only}
    1. FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Study 152. Medical Review of NDA 50‐741. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/50‐741_duac%20to....
Study 156 {published data only}
    1. FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Study 156. Medical Review of NDA 50‐741. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/50‐741_duac%20to....
Swinyer 1988 {published data only}
    1. Swinyer LJ, Baker MD, Swinyer TA, Mills OH Jr. A comparative study of benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin phosphate for treating acne vulgaris. British Journal of Dermatology 1988;119(5):615‐22. [CENTRAL: CN‐00057230; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tabasum 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tabasum H, Ahmad T, Anjum F, Rehman H. The effect of Unani antiacne formulation (Zimade Muhasa) on acne vulgaris: a single blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 2014;24(4):319‐26. [CENTRAL: CN‐01075653]
Tanghetti 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tanghetti E, Abramovits W, Solomon B, Loven K, Shalita A. Tazarotene versus tazarotene plus clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter, double‐blind, randomized parallel‐group trial. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2006;5(3):256‐61. [CENTRAL: CN‐00563788; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2002 {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot D, Jarratt M, Rich P, Rist T, Rodriguez D, Levy S. A randomized, parallel, vehicle‐controlled comparison of two erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide preparations for acne vulgaris. Clinical Therapeutics 2002;24(5):773‐85. [CENTRAL: CN‐00396107; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alexis AF, Johnson LA, Kerrouche N, Callender VD. A subgroup analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide topical gel in black subjects with moderate acne. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(2):170‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00985276; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Eichenfield LE, Jorizzo JL, Dirschka T, Taub AF, Lynde C, Graeber M, et al. Treatment of 2,453 acne vulgaris patients aged 12‐17 years with the fixed‐dose adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide combination topical gel: efficacy and safety. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2010;9(11):1395‐401. [CENTRAL: CN‐00888969; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gold LS, Baldwin H, Rueda MJ, Kerrouche N, Dreno B. Adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide gel is efficacious and safe in adult female acne, with a profile comparable to that seen in teen‐aged females. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2016;9(7):23‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐01197640; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gold MH, Korotzer A. Sub‐group analyses from a trial of a fixed combination of clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe acne vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2015;8(12):22‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐01162058; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thiboutot DM, Weiss J, Bucko A, Eichenfield L, Jones T, Clark S, et al. Adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide, a fixed‐dose combination for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results of a multicenter, randomized double‐blind, controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;57(5):791‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00610848; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cook‐Bolden F, Chen D, Eichenfield L, Stein‐Gold L. Managing moderate to severe acne in adolescents: benefits of a fixed combination clindamycin phosphate (1.2%) and low concentration benzoyl peroxide (2.5%) aqueous gel in a subpopulation of 1755 subjects. P740. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009;60(3 Suppl 1):AB22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.121] - DOI
    1. Cook‐Bolden FE. Treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris in a Hispanic population: a post‐hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2012;11(4):455‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00880750; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC. Moderate to severe acne in adolescents with skin of color: benefits of a fixed combination clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% aqueous gel. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2012;11(7):818‐24. [CENTRAL: CN‐00879677; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gold MH, Korotzer A. Sub‐group analyses from a trial of a fixed combination of clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe acne vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2015;8(12):22‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐01162058; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stein‐Gold L, Chen D, Cook‐Bolden F, Baldwin H. Efficacy of a once‐daily fixed combination clindamycin phosphate (1.2%) and low concentration benzoyl peroxide (2.5%) aqueous gel across a broad patient population with moderate to severe acne. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010;62(3 Suppl):AB15. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843902]
Tirado‐Sanchez 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tirado‐Sanchez A, Ponce‐Olivera RM. Efficacy and tolerance of superoxidized solution in the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne. A double‐blinded, placebo‐ controlled, parallel‐group, randomized, clinical trial. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2009;20(5):289‐92. [CENTRAL: CN‐00743204; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tschen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ellis CN, Leyden J, Katz HI, Goldfarb MT, Hickman J, Jones TM, et al. Therapeutic studies with a new combination benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin topical gel in acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2001;67(2 Suppl):13‐20. [CENTRAL: CN‐00520424; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tschen E, et al. A combination benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin topical gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Abstract P‐029. 8th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 Sept‐3 October 1999. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1999;12(Suppl 2):S150. [CENTRAL: CN‐00478786]
    1. Tschen EH, Katz HI, Jones TM, Monroe EW, Kraus SJ, Connolly MA, et al. A combination benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin topical gel compared with benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin phosphate, and vehicle in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2001;67(2):165‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00346768; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tucker 1984 {published data only}
    1. Tucker SB, Tausend R, Cochran R, Flannigan SA. Comparison of topical clindamycin phosphate, benzoyl peroxide, and a combination of the two for the treatment of acne vulgaris. British Journal of Dermatology 1984;110(4):487‐92. [CENTRAL: CN‐00568865; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tucker SB, Tausend T, Cochran R. Comparison of topical clindamycin phosphate, benzoyl peroxide and a combination of the two, for the treatment of acne vulgaris [abstract no:1]. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprology 1990;56:179. [CENTRAL: CN‐00692634] - PubMed
Tung 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tung R, Berardesca E, Dall'Oglio F, Micali G, Sinagra J, Nodzenski M, et al. Novel over‐the‐counter hydrogen peroxide based acne kit in treating acne: randomized, controlled, multicenter study of a hydrogen peroxide‐based acne system versus the benzoyl peroxide‐based acne system in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. P8511. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 Suppl 1):AB9. [www.jaad.org/article/S0190‐9622(14)00039‐5/pdf]
Vasarinsh 1969 {published data only}
    1. Vasarinsh P. Benzoyl peroxide‐sulfur lotions in acne vulgaris ‐ a controlled study. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1969;5(1):65‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00269401]
Wang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wang AP, Tu P, Ji S Z, Wu Y, Shen Y, Zhu XJ. Clinical efficacy of benzoyl peroxide gel with different concentrations in acne vulgaris. Chinese Journal of Dermatology 2003;36(6):313‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00486355]
Weiss 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stein Gold L, Werschler WP, Mohawk J. Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide gel 0.3%/2.5%: effective acne therapy regardless of age or gender. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2017;16(6):582‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐01458199; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Weiss J, Gold LS, Rueda MJ, Tanghetti E. Adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel for the treatment of severe inflammatory acne: a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, controlled study. Pediatric Dermatology 2017;34:S103. [CENTRAL: CN‐01399571]
    1. Weiss J, Gold LS, Tanghetti E, Bouvresse S, Yao M, Dujols C, et al. Efficacy and safety of adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% topical gel in moderate and severe acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2015;72(5 Suppl 1):AB7. [CENTRAL: CN‐01088984]
    1. Weiss J, Gold LS, Tanghetti E, Dujols C, Rueda MJ. Efficacy and safety of adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% topical gel in moderate and severe acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2017; Vol. 34:S31. [CENTRAL: CN‐01399572]
    1. Weiss J, Stein Gold L, Leoni M, Rueda Mj, Liu H, Tanghetti E. Customized single‐agent therapy management of severe inflammatory acne: a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group controlled study of a new treatment ‐ adapalene 0.3%‐benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2015;14(12):1427‐35. [CENTRAL: CN‐01200535; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Xu 2016 {published data only}
    1. 2015‐004909‐16. A multicentre, randomized, assessor‐blind, comparator‐controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial to establish the efficacy and safety of Duac™ (1% clindamycin as clindamycin phosphate and 5% benzoyl peroxide) once daily gel compared with clindamycin phosphate gel (1% clindamycin as clindamycin phosphate) twice daily in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2015‐004909‐16/results (results published 29 December 2016).
    1. NCT01915732. Efficacy and safety of Duac™ compared with clindamycin phosphate gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01915732 (first received 5 April 2013).
    1. Xu J, Lu Q, Huang J, Sun Q, Hao F, Gu J, et al. A multicenter, randomized, single‐blind study of topical clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% once‐daily fixed dose combination gel (Duac) vs. clindamycin 1% twice‐daily gel in treatment of Chinese acne vulgaris patients. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015;135(Suppl 2):S34, 192. [CENTRAL: CN‐01130701]
    1. Xu JH, Lu QJ, Huang JH, Hao F, Sun QN, Fang H, et al. A multicentre, randomized, single‐blind comparison of topical clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% once‐daily gel versus clindamycin 1% twice‐daily gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in Chinese patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2016;30(7):1176‐82. [CENTRAL: CN‐01178389; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yong 1979 {published data only}
    1. Yong CC. Benzoyl peroxide gel therapy in acne in Singapore. International Journal of Dermatology 1979;18(6):485‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00560673; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zeichner 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zeichner JA, Wong V, Linkner RV, Haddican M. Efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.025%/clindamycin phosphate 1.2% gel in combination with benzoyl peroxide 6% cleansing cloths for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(3):277‐82. [CENTRAL: CN‐00876866; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zeng 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zeng X, Liu W L, Zhao T. Effects of Chinese medical facial mask comprehensive therapy in treating acne vulgaris. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2012;32(5):624‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00961274; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhao 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zhao XJ. The curative effect comparison of erythromycin‐benzoyl peroxide and Cuo Chuang Wang in treating acne vulgaris. Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology 2001;15(4):288. [CENTRAL: CN‐00454983]
Zheng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zheng Y, Yin S, Xia Y, Chen J, Ye C, Zeng Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of 2% supramolecular salicylic acid compared with 5% benzoyl peroxide/0.1% adapalene in the acne treatment: a randomized, split‐face, open‐label, single‐center study. Cutaneous & Ocular Toxicology 2019;38(1):48‐54. [CENTRAL: CN‐01741062] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

2009‐011212‐37 {published data only}
    1. 2009‐011212‐37/PL. Anti P acnes activity of Epiduo® Gel compared to benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in the treatment of subjects with acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2009‐011212‐37/PL (first received 17 August 2009).
2009‐016240‐40 {published data only}
    1. 2009‐016240‐40/GR. Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, comparative with the reference product clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the therapy with the combination of benzoyl peroxide‐erythromycin/verisfield, gel, (5+3)% w/w for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2009‐016240‐40/GR (first received 16 April 2010).
2010‐020796‐24 {published data only}
    1. 2010‐020796‐24/DE. A multi‐center, randomized, observer‐blind trial to compare the irritant potential of the two topical acne formulations Acanya® Gel and Epiduo® Gel on acneic skin in a split‐face assessment during a 14‐day treatment period. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2010‐020796‐24/DE (first received 10 August 2010).
2013‐001753‐26 {published data only}
    1. 2013‐001753‐26/FR. Clinical and biophysics evaluation of the cutaneous modifications following the local use of a lotion containing 0,1 % of trétinoïne. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2013‐001753‐26/FR (first received 28 September 2015).
2016‐000616‐15 {published data only}
    1. 2016‐000616‐15/PL. An open label evaluation of the adrenal suppression potential and trough plasma concentrations of cortexolone 17α‐propionate (CB‐03‐01) cream applied every 12 hours for two weeks in subjects 9 to <12 years of age with acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2016‐000616‐15/PL (first received 7 April 2016).
2017‐002975‐25 {published data only}
    1. 2017‐002975‐25/DK. Multimodal optical imaging for pretreatment evaluation for cutaneous microparticle delivery. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2017‐002975‐25/DK (first received 20 September 2017).
2017‐003105‐18 {published data only}
    1. 2017‐003105‐18/NL. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, evaluator‐blinded study to assess the anti‐inflammatory effects of topical erythromycin and clindamycin in patients with inflammatory facial acne. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2017‐003105‐18/NL (first received 12 December 2017).
ACTRN12617000498392 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000498392. A single‐centre open‐label pharmacology study of topically applied MTC896 gel in healthy volunteers. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617000498392 (first received 6 April 2017).
ACTRN12617000642381 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000642381. An open‐label study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of BTX1503 solution in healthy volunteers. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617000642381 (first received 3 May 2017).
ACTRN12617001127392 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617001127392. An open‐label study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of BTX 1503 solution in patients with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617001127392 (first received 1 August 2017).
Andres 2008 {published data only}
    1. Andres P, Pernin C, Poncet M. Adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide once‐daily, fixed‐dose combination gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, bilateral (split‐face), dose‐assessment study of cutaneous tolerability in healthy participants. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2008;81(3):278‐84. [CENTRAL: CN‐00639255; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bhatia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bhatia N, Pillai R. Randomized, observer‐blind, split‐face compatibility study with clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel and facial foundation makeup. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2015;8(9):25‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bouloc 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bouloc A, Roo E, Imko‐Walczuk B, Moga A, Chadoutaud B, Dreno B. A skincare combined with combination of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide provides a significant adjunctive efficacy and local tolerance benefit in adult women with mild acne. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2017;31(10):1727‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐01395998; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bourdes 2015a {published data only}
    1. Bourdes V, Reynier P, Rivier M, Petit L, Tan J, Dreno B, et al. Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide fixed‐dose combination for the prevention and treatment of atrophic acne scars. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;173:63. [CENTRAL: CN‐01108072]
Bourdes 2015b {published data only}
    1. Bourdes V, Faure C, Petit L, Bettoli V, Bissonnette R, Dreno B, et al. Modeling of natural history of primary acne lesions and evolution to acne scars. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2015;72(5 Suppl 1):AB8. [CENTRAL: CN‐01088982; DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.041] - DOI
Bucknall 1977 {published data only}
    1. Bucknall JH, Murdoch PN. Comparison of tretinoin solution and benzoyl peroxide lotion in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Current Medical Research & Opinion 1977;5(3):266‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00083593; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Burkhart 2007 {published data only}
    1. Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Treatment of acne vulgaris without antibiotics: tertiary amine‐benzoyl peroxide combination vs. benzoyl peroxide alone (Proactiv Solution). International Journal of Dermatology 2007;46(1):89‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Callender 2012 {published data only}
    1. Callender VD. Fitzpatrick skin types and clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide gel: efficacy and tolerability of treatment in moderate to severe acne. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2012;11(5):643‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00880493; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Caron 1997 {published data only}
    1. Caron D, Sorba V, Clucas A, Verschoore M. Skin tolerance of adapalene 0.1% gel in combination with other topical antiacne treatments. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1997;36(6 Pt 2):S113‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00141061; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cavicchini 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cavicchini S, Caputo R. National and international experiences with azelaic acid cream in the treatment of papulo‐pustular acne. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1989;124(10):465‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Choudhury 2011 {published data only}
    1. Choudhury S, Chatterjee S, Sarkar DK, Dutta RNCP. Efficacy and safety of topical nadifloxacin and benzoyl peroxide versus clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide in acne vulgaris: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2011;43(6):628‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐01003272; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Coret 2006 {published data only}
    1. Coret C, Chantalat J, Miller D, Kurtz E. Fast‐acting treatment of mild to moderate acne lesions by a novel 2% salicylic acid microgel complex. Abstract P115. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB18. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602686]
CTRI/2017/07/009004 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/07/009004. Clinical evaluation of Unani formulations in the management of Busoor Labaniyah (Acne vulgaris). apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/07/009004 (first received 10 July 2017).
CTRI/2017/08/009299 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/08/009299. Cinical evaluation of Vatapallava (tender leaves of Ficus benghalensis Linn) in Mukhadushika (acne vulgaris). apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/08/009299 (first received 8 August 2017).
CTRI/2017/09/009855 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/09/009855. A phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double blind, comparative study to evaluate the reduction in incidence of scarring in acne vulgaris subjects treated with combination of benzoyl peroxide (2.5%/5%), zinc oxide and polysiloxanes compared to benzoyl peroxide (2.5%/5%). apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/09/009855 (first received 20 September 2017).
CTRI/2017/12/010963 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/12/010963. Redefining the role of metformin in non‐hormonal acne: a single‐blind randomized placebo controlled interventional study comparing the efficacy of oral metformin and topical BPO vs. placebo and topical BPO; with initial 1 month of doxycycline, in the treatment of moderate‐severe facial acne. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/12/010963 (first received 22 December 2017).
Cunliffe 1981 {published data only}
    1. Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. The effect of benzoyl peroxide on acne. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1981;61(3):267‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00025586] - PubMed
Degreef 1982 {published data only}
    1. Degreef H, Vanden Bussche G. Double‐blind evaluation of a miconazole‐benzoyl peroxide combination for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Dermatologica 1982;164(3):201‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00028058; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Del Rosso 2006b {published data only}
    1. Rosso J, Bikowski J, Desai A, Hawkes S. Management of truncal acne vulgaris: a double‐blind, randomized trial evaluating the clinical efficacy and tolerability of benzoyl peroxide 8% wash. Abstract P161. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB29. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602670]
Del Rosso 2009b {published data only}
    1. Rosso JQ. A 6% benzoyl peroxide foaming cloth cleanser used in the treatment of acne vulgaris: aesthetic characteristics, patient preference considerations, and impact on compliance with treatment. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2009;2(7):26‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Del Rosso 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rosso J. The aesthetic characteristics of a novel 6% benzoyl peroxide foaming cloth may improve adherence to acne therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010;62(3 Suppl):AB15. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843673]
Del Rosso 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rosso JQ. When do efficacy outcomes in clinical trials correlate with clinical relevance? analysis of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%‐benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel in moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2016;98(1):21‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
de Souza Sittart 2015 {published data only}
    1. Souza Sittart JA, Costa A, Mulinari‐Brenner F, Follador I, Azulay‐Abulafia L, Castro LCM. Multicenter study for efficacy and safety evaluation of a fixed dose combination gel with adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% (Epiduo) for the treatment of acne vulgaris in Brazilian population. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2015;90(6 Suppl 1):S01‐16. [CENTRAL: CN‐01286635; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dhawan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dhawan SS. Comparison of 2 clindamycin 1%‐benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gels used once daily in the management of acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2009;83(5):265‐72. [CENTRAL: CN‐00698409; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dosik 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dosik JS, Gilbert RD, Arsonnaud S. Cumulative irritancy comparison of topical retinoid and antimicrobial combination therapies. Skinmed 2006;5(5):219‐23. [CENTRAL: CN‐00572027; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dosik 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dosik JS, Vamvakias G. Comparative irritation potential of two combination acne products: a randomized controlled, subject‐ and evaluator‐blind, comparative study in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2008;9(5):313‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00668403; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Draelos 2006 {published data only}
    1. Draelos Z, Callender V, Dhawan S. Tolerability and preference of two benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin gels in combination with tretinoin 0.025% cream in adult female acne patients. Abstract P176. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB33. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602662]
Draelos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Draelos ZD, Shalita AR, Thiboutot D, Oresajo C, Yatskayer M, Raab S. A multicenter, double‐blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2 treatments in participants with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2012;89(6):287‐93. [CENTRAL: CN‐00831065; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Draelos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Draelos ZD. Assessing the value of botanical anti‐inflammatory agents in an OTC acne treatment regimen. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2015;14(12):1418‐21. [CENTRAL: CN‐01200536; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
DRKS00010222 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00010222. Application of a cosmetic product on facial acne skin. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00010222 (first received 17 May 2016).
Eichenfield 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eichenfield LF, Thiboutot D, Shalita A, Swinyer L, Tanghetti E, Tschen E, et al. A three‐step acne system containing solubilized benzoyl peroxide versus benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin in pediatric patients with acne. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2009;2(11):21‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00802895; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Eichenfield 2010b {published data only}
    1. Eichenfield L, Shalita A, Thiboutot D, Swinyer L. A 3‐step acne system containing solubilized benzoyl peroxide versus benzoyl peroxide‐clindamycin in pediatric patients with acne (Poster 705). 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, AAD Miami, FL United States. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010;62(3 Suppl):AB14. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843674]
Ergin 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ergin S, et al. Benzoyl peroxide alone and with topical erythromycin against Propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris. Abstract P‐004. 8th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 Sept‐3 October 1999. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1999;12(Suppl 2):S142. [CENTRAL: CN‐00478524]
Ergin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ergin S, Ergin C, Baysal V, Yayli G. An acne study focused on erythromycin: benzoyl peroxide alone or with topical erythromycin against Propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris. Gazi Medical Journal 2001;12(2):59‐62. [CENTRAL: CN‐00386806]
Fanta 1984 {published data only}
    1. Fanta D, Scholz N. Miconazole‐benzoyl peroxide: a new combination to extend the topical therapy of acne. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1984;59(13):873‐81. [CENTRAL: CN‐00035219] - PubMed
Fernandez‐Obregon 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez‐Obregon A, Davis MW. The BEST study: evaluating efficacy by selected demographic subsets. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2003;71(2 Suppl):18‐26. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fluckiger 1988 {published data only}
    1. Fluckiger R, Furrer HJ, Rufli T. Efficacy and tolerance of a miconazole‐benzoyl peroxide cream combination versus a benzoyl peroxide gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Dermatologica 1988;177(2):109‐14. [CENTRAL: CN‐00055898; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ghosh 2018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/08/009280. Efficacy and safety of nadifloxacin and benzoyl peroxide versus adapalene and benzoyl peroxide in acne vulgaris: a randomized open label phase IV clinical trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/08/009280 (first received 7 August 2017).
    1. Ghosh A, Das K. Efficacy and safety of nadifloxacin and benzoyl peroxide versus adapalene and benzoyl peroxide in acne vulgaris: a randomized open‐label Phase IV clinical trial. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 2018;9(1):27‐31.
Gonzalez 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez P, Vila R, Cirigliano M. The tolerability profile of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel vs. adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel for facial acne: results of a randomized, single‐blind, split‐face study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2012;11(4):251‐60. [CENTRAL: CN‐00878198; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Green 2008 {published data only}
    1. Green LJ, Rosso JQ. Efficacy and tolerability of a three‐step acne system containing a solubilized benzoyl peroxide lotion versus a benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin combination product: an investigator‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group study. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2008;1(3):16‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Green 2012 {published data only}
    1. Green L, Cirigliano M, Gwazdauskas JA, Gonzalez P. The tolerability profile of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel vs. adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel for facial acne: results of two randomized, single‐blind, split‐face studies. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2012;5(5):16‐24. [CENTRAL: CN‐00904062; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Green 2013 {published data only}
    1. Green L, Kircik LH, Gwazdauskas J. Randomized, controlled, evaluator‐blinded studies conducted to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 3 over‐the‐counter acne regimens in subjects with mild or moderate acne. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(2):180‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00877485; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grove 2013 {published data only}
    1. Grove G, Zerweck C, Gwazdauskas J. Tolerability and irritation potential of four topical acne regimens in healthy subjects. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(6):644‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐01122622; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
IRCT2016051727947N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016051727947N1. Comparing the effect of benzoyl peroxide 5% and IPL and benzoyl peroxide 5%‐alone in mild‐to‐moderate acne. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016051727947N1 (first received 20 June 2016).
ISRCTN21526350 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN21526350. Identification of the most cost effective, microbiologically safe antimicrobial treatments for acne. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN21526350 (first received 25 April 2003).
ISRCTN38383374 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN38383374. Efficacy and local tolerability of different spray products in the treatment of mild to moderate acne of the back and chest: a controlled, three‐arm, assessor‐blinded prospective trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN38383374 (first received 5 May 2016).
Jain 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jain VK, Chopra KL, Dayal S. Comparative evaluation of topical benzoyl peroxide, metronidazole and benzoyl peroxide ‐ clindamycin combination in treatment of acne vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprology 1998;64(2):71‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐01095038; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jeanmougin 1987 {published data only}
    1. Jeanmougin M. Minocycline and benzoyl peroxide in treatment of acne. Results of a multicenter trial with 256 patients [Minocycline et peroxyde de benzoyle dans le traitement de l'acne resultats s'une etude multicentrique sur 256 patients]. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1987;5(50):3, 5, 7‐9, 11. [CENTRAL: CN‐01599518]
JPRN‐UMIN000025358 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000025358. Quantitative determination of nadifloxacin in follicles of acne patients treated by topical nadifloxacin with or without adapalene and benzoyl peroxide. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000025358 (first received 21 December 2016).
KCT0002259 {published data only}
    1. KCT0002259. Effects of herbal medicine for dysmenorrhea treatment on accompanied acne vulgaris: double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group, multi‐center trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0002259 (first received 10 March 2017).
Kellett 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kellett N, West F, Finlay AY. Conjoint analysis: a novel, rigorous tool for determining patient preferences for topical antibiotic treatment for acne. A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2006;154(3):524‐32. [CENTRAL: CN‐00562346; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kircik 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kircik L. Study results of the evaluation of contamination measurements of benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% topical gel jar containing dimethicone and glycerin compared with topical gel tube. Abstract P593. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB74. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602584]
Kircik 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kircik L. Community‐based trial results of combination clindamycin 1%‐benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gel plus tretinoin microsphere Gel 0.04% or 0.1% or adapalene gel 0.1% in the treatment of moderate to severe acne. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2007;80(1 Suppl):10‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00611938] - PubMed
Kircik 2009a {published data only}
    1. Kircik L, Green L, Thiboutot D, Tanghetti E, Wilson D, Dhawan S, et al. Comparing a novel solubilized benzoyl peroxide gel with benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin: final data from a multicenter, investigator‐blind, randomized study. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2009;8(9):812‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00722784; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kircik 2009b {published data only}
    1. Kircik LH. Comparative efficacy and safety results of two topical combination acne regimens. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2009;8(7):624‐30. [CENTRAL: CN‐00702099; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leyden 1997a {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ, Gans EH. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects in vivo of Triaz (R) Gel (benzoyl peroxide special gel), Cleocin‐T (R) Lotion (clindamycin phosphate lotion), and Azelex (R) Cream (azelaic acid cream) in humans. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1997;8(Suppl 2):S7‐S10. [CENTRAL: CN‐00191892]
Leyden 1997b {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ, Gans EH. The human in vivo antimicrobial effects of dual acne therapy: Oral Dynacin (minocycline HCl) plus topical Triaz (benzoyl peroxide special gel). Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1997;8:S3‐6.
Leyden 2010 {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ, Nighland M, Rossi AB, Ramaswamy R. Irritation potential of tretinoin gel microsphere pump versus adapalene plus benzoyl peroxide gel. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2010;9(8):998‐1003. [CENTRAL: CN‐00749513; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mareledwane 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mareledwane NG. A randomized, open‐label, comparative study of oral doxycycline 100 mg vs. 5% topical benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. International Journal of Dermatology 2006;45(12):1438‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00574632; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mesquita 1989 {published data only}
    1. Mesquita Guimaraes J, Ramos S, Tavares MR, Carvalho MR. A double‐blind clinical trial with a lotion containing 5% benzoyl peroxide and 2% miconazole in patients with acne vulgaris. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1989;14(5):357‐60. [CENTRAL: CN‐00065083; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Miller 2005 {published data only}
    1. Miller D, Smith G, Kurtz E S. Improvement in mild to moderate inflammatory acne lesions with a novel salicylic acid topical acne treatment. Abstract P01.98. The 14th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, London, UK, 12‐15 October 2005. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19(Suppl 2):25‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602638]
Miller 2006a {published data only}
    1. Miller T, Ramirez J. Benzoyl peroxide enhanced Propionibacterium acnes reduction from a novel topical formulation. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB24. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602649]
Miller 2006b {published data only}
    1. Miller T, Ramirez J, Goldner S. Improved Propionibacterium acnes reduction from a novel benzoyl peroxide formulation. Abstract P158. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB28. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602614]
NCT00441415 {published data only}
    1. NCT00441415. Efficacy and safety of fixed combination adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel compared to clindamycin 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00441415 (first received 27 February 2007).
NCT00687908 {published data only}
    1. NCT00687908. Adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide (BPO) gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris as a 6‐month maintenance (ACCESS II). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00687908 (first received 28 May 2008).
NCT00757523 {published data only}
    1. NCT00757523. Evaluation of the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of Duac Akne Gel and Epiduo Gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00757523 (first received 21 September 2008).
NCT00919191 {published data only}
    1. NCT00919191. Evaluation of irritation by two facial gels applied to opposite sides of the face. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00919191 (first received 10 June 2009).
NCT00926367 {published data only}
    1. NCT00926367. Two‐week study to compare the tolerance and irritation potential of two combination topical gel acne medications. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00926367 (first received 21 June 2009).
NCT00952523 {published data only}
    1. NCT00952523. Evaluation of irritation that potentially could be caused by two facial gels applied to opposite sides of the face. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00952523 (first received 4 August 2009).
NCT00964223 {published data only}
    1. NCT00964223. A study to evaluate tolerability of two topical drug products in the treatment of facial acne. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00964223 (first received 20 August 2009).
NCT00964366 {published data only}
    1. NCT00964366. Study to determine and compare the tolerance and irritation potential of topical acne medications. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00964366 (first received 20 August 2009).
NCT01015638 {published data only}
    1. NCT01015638. Compare the tolerance of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide (BPO) 5% gel to clindamycin 1.2%/BPO 2.5% topical medications. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01015638 (first received 17 November 2009).
NCT01188538 {published data only}
    1. NCT01188538. Anti Propionibacterium (P) acnes activity of Epiduo® gel compared to benzoyl peroxide (BPO) 2.5% gel. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01188538 (first received 24 August 2010).
NCT01613924 {published data only}
    1. NCT01613924. Efficacy of handheld acne heat device. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01613924 (first received 30 May 2012).
NCT01706250 {published data only}
    1. NCT01706250. U0289‐401: eight week, split‐face study to determine and compare the efficacy and tolerability of MAXCLARITY™ II to PROACTIV™. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01706250 (first received 11 October 2012).
NCT01818167 {published data only}
    1. NCT01818167. An investigation Into the efficacy of povidone topical cream as compared to 10% benzoyl peroxide wash for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01818167 (first received 20 March 2013).
NCT02052752 {published data only}
    1. NCT02052752. A five day clinical study to examine the effects of a benzoyl peroxide treatment on facial acne lesions. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02052752 (first received 30 January 2014).
NCT02524665 {published data only}
    1. NCT02524665. 8 week study to evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of MAXCLARITY II and MURAD to treat acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02524665 (first received 13 August 2015).
NCT02589405 {published data only}
    1. NCT02589405. Benzac 5% gel in combination with cosmetic products in acne vulgaris (Benzac). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02589405 (first received 23 October 2015).
NCT02698436 {published data only}
    1. NCT02698436. A study to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of two acne treatments on subjects with mild to moderate acne (TIGER). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02698436 (first received 26 February 2016).
NCT02899000 {published data only}
    1. NCT02899000. A treatment for severe inflammatory acne subjects. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02899000 (first received 8 September 2016).
NCT02932267 {published data only}
    1. NCT02932267. Subject reported outcomes with use of adapalene 0.3% ‐ benzoyl peroxide (BPO) 2.5% in dark skin acne (EDeN). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02932267 (first received 11 October 2016).
NCT03057821 {published data only}
    1. NCT03057821. Propionibacterium acnes in shoulder arthroplasty. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03057821 (first received 14 February 2017).
NCT03122457 {published data only}
    1. NCT03122457. Perimenstrual acne with clindamycin phosphate and benzoyl peroxide. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03122457 (first received 17 April 2017).
NCT03128723 {published data only}
    1. NCT03128723. A study to evaluate the tolerance of an acne treatment in sensitive skin subjects with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03128723 (first received 20 April 2017).
NCT03257202 {published data only}
    1. NCT03257202. Topical treatment and prevalence of P. acnes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03257202 (first received 1 August 2017).
NCT03334682 {published data only}
    1. NCT03334682. Randomized double‐blind study on the benefit of spironolactone for treating acne of adult woman (FASCE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03334682 (first received 30 October 2017).
Ozdemir 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ozdemir M, Bahar H, Erakkaya H, Mamal M, Kotogyan A, Yucel A, et al. Effect of 10% benzoyl peroxide/10% glycolic acid versus 5% benzoyl peroxide/3% erythromycin in clinical efficacy and reduction of Propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris. Abstract P01.14. 14th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, London, UK, 12‐15 October 2005. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19(Suppl 2):4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602563]
Ozolins 2002a {published data only}
    1. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery A, Cunliffe WJ, Li Wan Po A, O'Neill C, et al. A cost‐effective rationale for the selection of antimicrobial therapy in acne: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147(Suppl 62):13. [CENTRAL: CN‐00406984]
Ozolins 2002b {published data only}
    1. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery A, Cunliffe WJ, Li Wan Po A, O'Neill C, et al. A cost‐effectiveness rationale for the selection of antimicrobial therapy in acne: a randomized controlled trial (Abstract RF‐2). 82nd BAD Annual Meeting, 9‐12 July 2002. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147:13. [CENTRAL: CN‐00406984]
Ozolins 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ozolins M, Eady E, Avery AJ, Cunliffe WJ, Po AL, O'Neill C, et al. Comparison of five antimicrobial regimens for treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris in the community: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9452):2188‐95. [CENTRAL: CN‐00503549; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ozolins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery A, Cunliffe WJ, O'Neill C, Simpson NB, et al. Randomised controlled multiple treatment comparison to provide a cost‐effectiveness rationale for the selection of antimicrobial therapy in acne. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2005;9(1):iii‐212. [CENTRAL: CN‐00514416; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pariser 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pariser D, Bucko A, Fried R, Jarratt MT, Kempers S, Kircik L, et al. Tretinoin gel microsphere pump 0.04% plus 5% benzoyl peroxide wash for treatment of acne vulgaris: morning/morning regimen is as effective and safe as morning/evening regimen. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2010;9(7):805‐13. [CENTRAL: CN‐00752706; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Patel 2001 {published data only}
    1. Patel VB, Misra A, Marfatia YS. Clinical assessment of the combination therapy with liposomal gels of tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide in acne. AAPS PharmSciTech 2001;2(3):E‐TN4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00471740] - PMC - PubMed
Poulin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Poulin Y, Sanchez NP, Bucko A, Fowler J, Jarratt M, Kempers S, et al. A 6‐month maintenance therapy with adapalene‐benzoyl peroxide gel prevents relapse and continuously improves efficacy among patients with severe acne vulgaris: results of a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2010;164(6):1376‐82. [CENTRAL: CN‐00812175; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Richter 2016 {published data only}
    1. Richter C, Trojahn C, Hillmann K, Dobos G, Stroux A, Kottner J, et al. Reduction of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions with topical tyrothricin 0.1% in the treatment of mild to severe acne papulopustulosa: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 2016;29(1):1‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐01138615; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rodriguez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez D, Davis MW. The BEST study: results according to prior treatment. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2003;71(2 Suppl):27‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rueda 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rueda MJ. Acne subject preference for pump over tube for dispensing fixed‐dose combination adapalene 0.1%‐benzoyl peroxide 2.5% Gel. Dermatologic Therapy 2014;4(1):61‐70. [CENTRAL: CN‐01068250; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Schlesinger 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schlesinger T, Mills OH, Repaire R. An open community‐based trial with combination topical (1% salicylic acid and 4% benzoyl peroxide/2% salicylic acid and 8% benzoyl peroxide) and 5% tocopherol therapy for acne vulgaris. P708. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010;62(3 Suppl 1):AB15. [https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190‐9622(09)01573‐4/pdf]
Schutte 1982 {published data only}
    1. Schutte H, Cunliffe WJ, Forster RA. The short‐term effects of benzoyl peroxide lotion on the resolution of inflamed acne lesions. British Journal of Dermatology 1982;106(1):91‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00568905; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shemer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shemer A, Mavor D, Drori E, Barsimantov H, Toledano O. Time‐release silica encapsulation in antiacne treatments (Poster P718). 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, AAD Miami, FL United States. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009;62(3 Suppl):AB18. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843856]
Tanghetti 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tanghetti E, Kircik L, Wilson D, Dhawan S. Solubilized benzoyl peroxide versus benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin in the treatment of moderate acne. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2008;7(6):534‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00640327; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
TCTR20160216002 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20160216002. The study of the effectiveness of silver nanoparticle for the treatment of acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20160216002 (first received 15 February 2016).
TCTR20170603001 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20170603001. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of 0.1% adapalene gel and 0.025% tretinoin cream in the treatment of childhood acanthosis nigricans. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20170603001 (first received 3 June 2017).
TCTR20171104001 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20171104001. A randomized, controlled, split‐face clinical trial comparing combination of ProACNE SOLUTION ACTIVE CLEAR with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide versus 2.5% benzoyl peroxide with placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate degree of acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20171104001 (first received 3 November 2017).
Touitou 2008 {published data only}
    1. Touitou E, Godin B, Shumilov M, Bishouty N, Ainbinder D, Shouval R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of clindamycin phosphate and salicylic acid gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2008;22(5):629‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐00631273; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Veraldi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Veraldi S, Micali G, Berardesca E, Dall'Oglio F, Sinagra Jl, Guanziroli E. Results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of a hydrogen peroxide‐based kit versus a benzoyl peroxide‐based kit in mild‐to‐moderate acne. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2016;9(10):50‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐01246601; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Weiss 2003a {published data only}
    1. Weiss J, Shavin J, Davis MW. Overall results of the BEST study following treatment of patients with mild to moderate acne. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2003;71(2 Suppl):10‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weiss 2003b {published data only}
    1. Weiss J, Shavin J, Davis MW. Improving patient satisfaction and acne severity in patients with mild to moderate acne: the BEST study. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2003;71(2 Suppl):3‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weiss 2011 {published data only}
    1. Weiss JS, Bucko AD, Fowler JF, Jarratt MT, Kempers S. Effective 6‐month maintenance management of acne with adapalene benzoyl peroxide fixed‐dose combination. (Abstract P710). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;64(2 Suppl 1):AB15. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843982]
Wilhelm 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wilhelm KP, Wilhelm D, Neumeister C, Zsolt I, Schwantes U. Lack of irritative potential of nadifloxacin 1% when combined with other topical anti‐acne agents. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2012;37(2):112‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00841319; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wilson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wilson DC, Meadows KP. A comparison of a novel benzoyl peroxide system with a combination benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin product: a 2‐week split face study of effectiveness and tolerability. Abstract P146. American Academy of Dermatology 65th Annual Meeting, February 2‐6, 2007. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;56(2):AB24. [CENTRAL: CN‐00615964]
Woodruff 2009 {published data only}
    1. Woodruff J, Wallo W. Evaluating two different clinical approaches for treating mild to moderate acne. P722. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009;60(3 Suppl 1):AB18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.103] - DOI
Zhen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhen YX, Crosby M, Stoudemayer M, Kligman AM. The moisturizing effects of topical acne medications. Abstract P174. American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting, March 3‐7, 2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB32. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602606; DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.117] - DOI
Zouboulis 2009a {published data only}
    1. Zouboulis CC, Fischer TC, Wohlrab J, Barnard J, Alio AB. Study of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of 2 fixed‐dose combination gels in the management of acne vulgaris. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2009;84(4):223‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00728202; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zouboulis 2009b {published data only}
    1. Zouboulis CC, Alio A. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of two fixed‐dose combination gels for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results of the "DUETTA" study. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2009;50:A56‐7.
Zouboulis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zouboulis C, Alio A. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of two fixed‐dose combination gels for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results of the DUETTA study (Poster P717). 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, AAD Miami, FL, United States. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010;62(3 Suppl):AB17. [CENTRAL: CN‐00843994]

References to studies awaiting assessment

2004‐002272‐41 {published data only}
    1. 2004‐002272‐41. A multi‐centre, single‐blind, parallel group, clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Duac gel (a gel containing clindamycin phosphate [equivalent to 1% clindamycin] and 5% benzoyl peroxide) and Differin gel (a gel containing 0.1% adapalene) in the topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2004‐002272‐41/GB (first received 28 June 2005).
2006‐004278‐28 {published data only}
    1. 2006‐004278‐28/IT. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel compared to clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2006‐004278‐28/IT (first received 27 January 2009).
2008‐002359‐26 {published data only}
    1. 2008‐002359‐26. A multi‐center, randomized, evaluator‐blind, parallel group study evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of DUAC® Akne Gel and Epiduo® Gel in the topical treatment of facial acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2008‐002359‐26 (first received 26 June 2008).
2008‐006792‐68 {published data only}
    1. 2008‐006792‐68. Efficacy and safety comparison of adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel associated with lymecycline 300mg capsules versus adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% vehicle gel associated with lymecycline 300mg capsules in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2008‐006792‐68 (first received 12 May 2009).
2013‐001716‐30 {published data only}
    1. 2013‐001716‐30. Exploratory, controlled, randomized, observer‐blind intrainidividual clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and the tolerability of topically applied 0.1% tyrothricin (Tyrosur® Gel) in patients with mild to severe facial papulopustular acne. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2013‐001716‐30 (first received 13 August 2013).
2016‐000063‐16 {published data only}
    1. 2016‐000063‐16/DE. Efficacy and safety of CD5024 1% in acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2016‐000063‐16/DE (first received 4 March 2016).
Ahmadi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ahmadi Ashtiani H, Hooshange Ehsani A, Brikbin B, Krimlou Z, Javadi M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of formulation containing Cynara scolymus (Artichoke) leaf extract on epidermal growth factor (EGF) in older women with acne skin. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the German Society of Dermatology) 2014;12:20.
Anonymous 1985 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Multicenter trial for aqueous gels with 5% and 10% benzoyl peroxide in treatment of acne vulgaris [Etude multicentrique d'eclaran (5 et 10) dans le traitement de l'acne vulgaire. A propos de 140 cas]. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1985;3(31):11‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00365235]
Chiou 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chiou WL. Low intrinsic drug activity and dominant vehicle (placebo) effect in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012;50(6):434‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00969115; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cunliffe 1978 {published data only}
    1. Cunliffe WJ, Dodman B, Ead R. Benzoyl peroxide in acne. Practitioner 1978;220(1317):479‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cunliffe 1980 {published data only}
    1. Cunliffe WJ, Burke B, Dodman B. Chloramphenicol and benzoyl peroxide in acne. A double‐blind clinical study. Practitioner 1980;224(1347):952‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00024025; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dahl 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dahl A, Oresajo C, Baumann L, Yatskayer M. A split‐face clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of two topical acne treatments in subjects with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2012;66(4 Suppl 1):AB22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.11.101] - DOI
Danto 1966 {published data only}
    1. Danto JL, Maddin WS, Stewart WD, Nelson AJ. A controlled trial of benzoyl peroxide and precipitated sulfur cream in acne vulgaris. Applied Therapeutics 1966;8(7):624‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00000721; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fagundes 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fagundes DS, Fraser JM, Klauda HC. New therapy update ‐ A unique combination formulation in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2003;72(1 Suppl):16‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00450281; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
IRCT20181229042165N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20181229042165N1. Effectiveness of adapalene 0.1% with intense pulsed light versus benzoyl peroxide 5% with intense pulsed light in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a comparative study. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181229042165N1 (first received 8 January 2019).
Lassus 1981 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A. Local treatment of acne. A clinical study and evaluation of the effect of different concentrations of benzoyl peroxide gel. Current Medical Research & Opinion 1981;7(6):370‐3. [CENTRAL: CN‐00025227; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leyden 2002 {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ. Clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% is more effective than clindamycin alone in reducing Propionibacterium acnes (Abstract P1‐13). 11th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology, Prague, October 2‐6, 2002. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2002;16(Suppl 1):117. [CENTRAL: CN‐00416128]
Mallol 1984 {published data only}
    1. Mallol Miron J, Hurtado Manzano C, Parra Ortiz I. Evaluation of the efficacy of benzoyl peroxide at high concentrations. Therapeutic and microbiological study. Medicina Clinica 1984;83(17):705‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00268406; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NCT00160394 {published data only}
    1. Donald AE, Atkinson GE, Langner A, Chu A, Clayton T. Efficacy and safety of Duac Gel (a gel containing 1% clindamycin and 5% benzoyl peroxide) compared with Differin Gel (a gel containing 0.1% adapalene) in the topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Abstract P01.139. 14th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, London, UK, 12‐15 October 2005. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19(Suppl 2):36. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602579]
    1. NCT00160394. Comparison of Duac® gel and Differin® gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00160394 (first received 12 September 2005).
NCT00624676 {published data only}
    1. NCT00624676. Efficacy and tolerance of a derivative of salicylic acid and 5% benzoyl peroxide in facial acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00624676 (first received 27 February 2008).
NCT00663286 {published data only}
    1. NCT00663286. A clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of IDP‐110 in patients with acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00663286 (first received 22 April 2008).
    1. NCT00664248. A clinical study evaluating the safety and efficacy of IDP‐110 in patients with acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00664248 (first received 22 April 2008).
NCT01106807 {published data only}
    1. NCT01106807. Exploratory study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CD07223 gel in subjects with acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01106807 (first received 20 April 2010).
NCT01237821 {published data only}
    1. NCT01237821. Comparing OTC acne treatment to prescription regimen. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01237821 (first received 10 November 2010).
NCT01445301 {published data only}
    1. NCT01445301. Study STF115287, a clinical confirmation study of GSK2585823 in the treatment of acne vulgaris in Japanese subjects. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01445301 (first received 3 October 2011).
NCT01501799 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2011/05/001762. A clinical trial to compare adapalene and benzoyl peroxide combination local application gel to Epiduo of Galderma Laboratories, L.P., and both these to an inactive local application gel in patients with mild to severe pimple. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2011/05/001762 (first received 26 May 2011).
    1. NCT01501799. A bioequivalence study with clinical endpoints comparing adapalene and benzoyl peroxide topical gel 0.1%/2.5% (Actavis Mid‐Atlantic LLC) to Epiduo™ (adapalene and benzoyl peroxide) Gel 0.1%/2.5% (Galderma Laboratories, L.P.) in the treatment of mild to severe acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01501799 (first received 29 December 2011).
NCT01742637 {published data only}
    1. NCT01742637. Study comparing adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1%/2.5% to Epiduo® and both to a placebo control in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01742637 (first received 5 December 2012).
NCT01769235 {published data only}
    1. NCT01769235. Study comparing clindamycin phosphate and benzoyl peroxide gel to Acanya® Gel and both to a vehicle control in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01769235 (first received 16 January 2013).
NCT01769664 {published data only}
    1. NCT01769664. A study comparing clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gel to Duac® topical gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01769664 (first received 17 January 2013).
NCT01788384 {published data only}
    1. NCT01788384. Evaluate therapeutic equivalence and safety of two clindamycin phosphate and benzoyl peroxide gels in acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01788384 (first received 11 February 2013).
NCT01796665 {published data only}
    1. NCT01796665. A study to compare clindamycin phosphate and benzoyl peroxide topical gel 1.2%/2.5% to Acanya® topical gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01796665 (first received 22 February 2013).
NCT02515305 {published data only}
    1. NCT02515305. Comparative safety and efficacy of two treatments in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02515305 (first received 4 August 2015).
NCT02525549 {published data only}
    1. NCT02525549. Comparative safety and bioequivalence of two treatments in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02525549 (first received 17 August 2015).
NCT02578043 {published data only}
    1. NCT02578043. A study comparing clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide gel 1.2%/3.75% to Onexton™ Gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02578043 (first received 14 October 2015).
NCT02595034 {published data only}
    1. NCT02595034. A study CLBG and benzoyl peroxide gel 1%/5% to BenzaClin® Gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02595034 (first received 1 November 2015).
NCT02616614 {published data only}
    1. NCT02616614. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of generic clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide gel versus Onexton Gel in acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02616614 (first received 25 November 2015).
NCT02651220 {published data only}
    1. NCT02651220. Clinical end point study of generic adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel versus Epiduo® Forte Gel in treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02651220 (first received 5 January 2016).
NCT02709902 {published data only}
    1. NCT02709902. Study comparing adapalene/BP gel to EPIDUO® FORTE and both to a placebo control in treatment of acne vulgaris. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02709902 (first received 8 March 2016).
NCT03393494 {published data only}
    1. NCT03393494. Bioequivalence study of two treatments in the treatment of acne vulgaris on the face. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03393494 (first received 8 January 2018).
Peereboom‐Wynia 1984 {published data only}
    1. Peereboom‐Wynia JDR, Cornelissen PJG, Bernsen R. A new alcohol free preparation of benzoyl peroxide gel (Basiron) for acne vulgaris. A double blind trial. Tijdschrift voor Therapie, Geneesmiddel en Onderzoek 1984;9(10):519‐22. [CENTRAL: CN‐00334342]
Perez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Perez E, Fernandez JR, Rouzard K, Webb C, Voronkov M, Healy J, et al. SIG‐1459 and SIG‐1460: novel anti‐acne isoprenyl cysteine compounds. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2017;137(10 Suppl 2):S267.
Priano 1993 {published data only}
    1. Priano L, Borghi S, Isola V, Grazioli I, Melzi G, Massone L. Topical spironolactone 5% versus benzoyl peroxide 5% + miconazole 2% in the therapy of acne: double‐blind, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and the eventual systemic absorption [Spironolattone 5% verso benzoilperossido 5% + miconazolo 2%, per via topica nella terapia aell'acne: Studio controllato in doppio cieco per la valutazione di efficacia d non assorbimento transcutaneo]. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1993;128(4):XXVII‐XXX. [CENTRAL: CN‐00351889]
Stinco 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stinco G, Piccirillo F, Valent F, Errichetti E, Meo N, Trevisan G, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, impact on quality of life and sebostatic activity of three topical preparations for the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 2016;151(3):230‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐01158537; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wokalek 1989 {published data only}
    1. Wokalek H. Open, controlled multicenter trial of 2 benzoyl peroxide preparations in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1989;64(2):140‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

2005‐004708‐35 {published data only}
    1. 2005‐004708‐35. Multi‐centre, comparative, randomized, single‐blind, parallel group, clinical trial in phase IV for the evaluation of the subjects quality of life, the efficacy and the tolerance of Duac® gel (a gel containing clindamycin phosphate [equivalent to 1% clindamycin] and 5% benzoyl peroxide) and Differin® gel (a gel containing 0.1% adapalene) in the topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/search?query=2005‐004708‐35 (first received 22 June 2007).
2015‐002699‐26 {published data only}
    1. 2015‐002699‐26/DE. Pilot study of tolerability and effectivity following application of two combination topical acne products clindamycin 1% and 0.025% tretinoin gel (Acnatac® Gel), adapalen 0,1% and benzoyl peroxide 2,5% gel (Epiduo® Gel). www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2015‐002699‐26/DE (first received 13 August 2015).
ACTRN12609000443291 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000443291. Efficacy and safety comparison of adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel associated with lymecycline 300mg capsules versus adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% vehicle gel associated with lymecycline 300mg capsules in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12609000443291 (first received 12 June 2009).
CTRI/2012/11/003127 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2012/11/003127. A randomized, open label, active controlled, parallel group trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adapalene, benzoyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide‐clindamycin combination in patients with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2012/11/003127 (first received 21 November 2012).
CTRI/2014/07/004734 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2014/07/004734. A multiple center, parallel group study to evaluate the bioequivalence of test drug clindamycin 1% and benzoyl peroxide 5% gel of Watson and reference drug Benzaclin® (clindamycin 1% and benzoyl peroxide 5%) Gel of Dermik Labs, in treatment of subjects with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2014/07/004734 (first received 14 July 2014).
CTRI/2015/11/006379 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2015/11/006379. A randomized, double‐blind, multicentric, parallel‐group, active and placebo controlled, three arm clinical study to compare the efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel (of Cadila Healthcare Limited, India) versus DUAC® Gel (of Stiefel Laboratories, USA) versus placebo (vehicle gel) in the ratio of 2:2:1 respectively, in patients with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2015/11/006379 (first received 26 November 2015).
CTRI/2016/04/006875 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2016/04/006875. A comparative study of benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel, adapalene 0.1% gel and their combination in treatment of acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2016/04/006875 (first received 27 April 2016).
CTRI/2017/09/009884 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/09/009884. A multicenter, randomized, double blind, parallel, placebo controlled clinical endpoint study to determine the therapeutic equivalence of test product benzoyl peroxide 5% and clindamycin phosphate 1% gel and reference product BenzaClin Topical Gel in patients with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/09/009884 (first received 22 September 2017).
CTRI/2017/12/010974 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/12/010974. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tila‐i Muhasa in the management of Busur Labaniyya (acne vulgaris). apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/12/010974 (first received 26 December 2017).
CTRI/2018/05/013744 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/013744. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream for treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in comparison with benzoyl peroxide (BP) gel, double blinded randomized control study. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/05/013744 (first received 7 May 2018).
CTRI/2018/06/014684 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/013744. A randomized, double blind, multicenter, three‐arm, parallel, placebo‐controlled clinical study to evaluate the bioequivalence using clinical endpoint of clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 5% gel (Encube Ethicals Private Limited, India) to DUAC® Gel (clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 5% gel) (Stiefel Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) in subjects with acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/06/014684 (first received 29 June 2018).
IRCT2017072035195N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017072035195N1. Comparison of the efficacy of dapsone 5% gel plus oral doxycycline versus benzoyl peroxide 5% gel plus oral doxycycline in patients with moderate acne vulgaris referred to Rasht Razi hospital during 2017‐2018. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017072035195N1 (first received 23 October 2017).
IRCT20170806035524N5 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20170806035524N5. Comparing efficacy of combination therapy with niosomal benzoyl peroxide 1% ‐ clindamycin 1% versus niosomal clindamycin 1% in acne vulgaris: a randomized clinical trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170806035524N5 (first received 15 August 2018).
JPRN‐UMIN000019639 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000019639. Study of the utility of acute‐phase and remission maintenance therapy with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel for moderate or severe acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000019639 (first received 1 December 2015).
JPRN‐UMIN000024874 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000024874. Study of the utility of combination therapy 2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel and 2% ozenoxacin lotion for moderate or severe acne vulgaris. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000024874 (first received 15 February 2017).
NCT00869492 {published data only}
    1. NCT00869492. Comparison of nadifloxacin cream alone and with benzoyl peroxide solution in the treatment of acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00869492 (first received 26 March 2009).
NCT00877409 {published data only}
    1. NCT00877409. A monocentric, single‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of the safety and efficacy of the topical drug Acnase creme in the treatment of acne vulgaris I and II. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00877409 (first received 7 April 2009).
NCT01422785 {published data only}
    1. NCT01422785. A study comparing combination clindamycin phosphate/tretinoin gel alone versus with benzoyl peroxide foaming cloths for facial acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01422785 (first received 24 August 2011).
NCT02005666 {published data only}
    1. NCT02005666. To compare the efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel of CHL versus DUAC® gel. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02005666 (first received 9 December 2013).
NCT02731105 {published data only}
    1. NCT02731105. Pilot study of tolerability and effectivity of two combination topical acne products (PREFECT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02731105 (first received 29 March 2016).
NCT03076320 {published data only}
    1. NCT03076320. Pirfenidone plus M‐DDO gel in moderate and severe acne. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03076320 (first received 6 March 2017).
NCT03563365 {published data only}
    1. NCT03563365. The functional and emotional benefits of Replenix Power of Three with Resveratrol. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03563365 (first received 20 June 2018).

Additional references

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Gamble 2012
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Gollnick 2003
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