Regional variation in paraspinal muscle composition using chemical shift encoding-based water-fat MRI

Abstract

Background: Paraspinal musculature forms one of the largest muscle compartments of the human body, but evidence for regional variation of its composition and dependency on gender or body mass index (BMI) is scarce.

Methods: This study applied six-echo chemical shift encoding-based water-fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 Tesla in 76 subjects (24 males and 52 females, age: 40.0±13.7 years, BMI: 25.4±5.6 kg/m²) to evaluate the proton density fat fraction (PDFF) of psoas muscles and erector spinae muscles, with the latter being divided into three segments in relation to levels of spine anatomy (L3-L5, T12-L2, and T9-T11).

Results: For the psoas muscles and the erector spinae muscles (L3-L5), gender differences in PDFF values were observed (PDFF psoas muscles: males: 5.1%±3.4% vs. females: 6.0%±2.2%, P=0.006; PDFF erector spinae muscles L3-L5: males: 10.7%±7.6% vs. females: 18.2%±6.8%, P<0.001). Furthermore, the PDFF of the erector spinae muscles (L3-L5) showed higher PDFF values when compared to the other segments (PDFF erector spinae muscles L3-L5 vs. T12-L2: P<0.001; PDFF erector spinae muscles L3-L5 vs. T9-T11: P<0.001) and showed to be independent of BMI, which was not the case for the other segments (T12-L2 or T9-T11) or the psoas muscles. When considering age and BMI as control variables, correlations of PDFF between segments of the erector spinae muscles remained significant for both genders.

Conclusions: This study explored regional variation of paraspinal muscle composition and dependency on gender and BMI, thus offering new insights into muscle physiology. The PDFF of the erector spinae muscles (L3-L5) was independent of BMI, suggesting that this level may be suited for representative paraspinal muscle segmentation and PDFF extraction as a biomarker for muscle alterations in the future.

Keywords: Muscular fat deposition; paraspinal musculature; proton density fat fraction (PDFF); quantitative imaging; spine.

Figure 1

Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) maps. Representative axial PDFF maps of a 27-year-old female with a body mass index (BMI) of 20.5 kg/m² at the level of L4 (A) and a 38-year-old male with a BMI of 37.6 kg/m² at the level of L3 (B). Color coding was applied to these maps according to PDFF values (in %), ranging from dark blue to bright yellow. The bilateral psoas and erector spinae muscles are schematically enclosed by red contours.

Figure 2

Muscle segmentations. Representative illustration of the placement of regions of interest (ROIs) in axial proton density fat fraction (PDFF) maps in a 53-year-old male with a body mass index (BMI) of 20.7 kg/m². The ROIs spatially enclosed the right psoas muscle [1], left psoas muscle [2], right erector spinae muscle [3], and left erector spinae muscle [4].

Figure 3

Body mass index (BMI) versus proton density fat fraction (PDFF). Graphs plotting the BMI (in kg/m², x-axis) against the PDFF (in %, y-axis) for the erector spinae muscles of the segments L3–L5 (A), T12–L2 (B), and T9–T11 (C) as well as the psoas muscles (D). Points represent the respective values of the single subjects, which are shown together with the best-fit line and its 95% confidence band.