The synthetic and therapeutic expedition of isoxazole and its analogs

Abstract

Isoxazole, constituting an important family of five-membered heterocycles with one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom at adjacent positions is of immense importance because of its wide spectrum of biological activities and therapeutic potential. It is, therefore, of prime importance that the development of new synthetic strategies and designing of new isoxazole derivatives should be based on the most recent knowledge emerging from the latest research. This review is an endeavor to highlight the progress in the chemistry and biological activity of isoxazole derivatives which could provide a low-height flying bird's eye view of isoxazole derivatives to the medicinal chemists for the development of clinically viable drugs using this information.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Anticancer; Antimicrobial; Biological activity; Heterocyclic; Isoxazole.

Fig. 1

Structure of isoxazole

Fig. 2

Routes for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles

Fig. 3

Routes for the synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles

Fig. 4

Routes for the synthesis of aminoisoxazoles

Fig. 5

Routes for the synthesis of miscellaneous isoxazoles

Fig. 6

Routes for the synthesis of miscellaneous isoxazoles

Fig. 7

Isoxazole derivativess showing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity (1–15)

Fig. 8

Isoxazole derivatives showing anticancer activity (16–29)

Fig. 9

Isoxazole derivatives showing anticancer activity (30–38)

Fig. 10

Isoxazole derivatives showing anticancer activity (39–47)

Fig. 11

Isoxazole derivatives showing antimicrobial activity (48–60)

Fig. 12

Isoxazole derivatives showing antimicrobial activity (61–69)

Fig. 13

Isoxazole derivatives showing antitubercular activity (70–77)

Fig. 14

Isoxazole derivatives showing antiviral activity (78, 79)

Fig. 15

Isoxazole derivatives showing antidepressant activity (80–87)

Fig. 16

Binding pattern and interaction of 87a and 87b at MAO-A (Kumar et al. 2017)

Fig. 17

Isoxazole derivatives showing anticonvulsant activity (88–93)

Fig. 18

Isoxazole derivatives showing antialzheimer’s activity (94–99)

Fig. 19

Isoxazole derivatives showing insecticidal activity (100–103)

Fig. 20

Isoxazole derivatives showing immunosuppressant activity (104–107)

Fig. 21

Isoxazole derivatives showing antihyperglycemic, antiobesity or hypolipidemic activity (108–112)

Fig. 22

Isoxazole derivatives showing dopamine transporter inhibitor activity (113, 114)

Fig. 23

Isoxazole derivatives showing antioxidant or antiageing activity (115–119)

Fig. 24

Isoxazole derivatives showing antistress activity (120–122)

Fig. 25

Isoxazole derivatives showing miscellaneous activity (123–129)