Meta-Analysis

. 2020 Mar 26;3(3):CD011942.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942.pub2.

Health workers' perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Willem A Odendaal^{1

2}, Jocelyn Anstey Watkins³, Natalie Leon^{1

4}, Jane Goudge⁵, Frances Griffiths^{3

5}, Mark Tomlinson^{6

7}, Karen Daniels^{1

8}

Affiliations

¹ South African Medical Research Council, Health Systems Research Unit, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
² Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa.
³ University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
⁴ Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
⁵ University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶ Stellenbosch University, Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁷ Queens University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Belfast, UK.
⁸ University of Cape Town, Health Policy and Systems Division, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 7925.

PMID: 32216074
PMCID: PMC7098082
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942.pub2

Meta-Analysis

Health workers' perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Willem A Odendaal et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020.

. 2020 Mar 26;3(3):CD011942.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942.pub2.

Authors

Willem A Odendaal^{1

2}, Jocelyn Anstey Watkins³, Natalie Leon^{1

4}, Jane Goudge⁵, Frances Griffiths^{3

5}, Mark Tomlinson^{6

7}, Karen Daniels^{1

8}

Affiliations

¹ South African Medical Research Council, Health Systems Research Unit, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
² Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa.
³ University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
⁴ Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
⁵ University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶ Stellenbosch University, Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁷ Queens University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Belfast, UK.
⁸ University of Cape Town, Health Policy and Systems Division, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 7925.

PMID: 32216074
PMCID: PMC7098082
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942.pub2

Abstract

Background: Mobile health (mHealth), refers to healthcare practices supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablets. Within primary care, health workers often use mobile devices to register clients, track their health, and make decisions about care, as well as to communicate with clients and other health workers. An understanding of how health workers relate to, and experience mHealth, can help in its implementation.

Objectives: To synthesise qualitative research evidence on health workers' perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services, and to develop hypotheses about why some technologies are more effective than others.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index in January 2018. We searched Global Health in December 2015. We screened the reference lists of included studies and key references and searched seven sources for grey literature (16 February to 5 March 2018). We re-ran the search strategies in February 2020. We screened these records and any studies that we identified as potentially relevant are awaiting classification.

Selection criteria: We included studies that used qualitative data collection and analysis methods. We included studies of mHealth programmes that were part of primary healthcare services. These services could be implemented in public or private primary healthcare facilities, community and workplace, or the homes of clients. We included all categories of health workers, as well as those persons who supported the delivery and management of the mHealth programmes. We excluded participants identified as technical staff who developed and maintained the mHealth technology, without otherwise being involved in the programme delivery. We included studies conducted in any country.

Data collection and analysis: We assessed abstracts, titles and full-text papers according to the inclusion criteria. We found 53 studies that met the inclusion criteria and sampled 43 of these for our analysis. For the 43 sampled studies, we extracted information, such as country, health worker category, and the mHealth technology. We used a thematic analysis process. We used GRADE-CERQual to assess our confidence in the findings.

Main results: Most of the 43 included sample studies were from low- or middle-income countries. In many of the studies, the mobile devices had decision support software loaded onto them, which showed the steps the health workers had to follow when they provided health care. Other uses included in-person and/or text message communication, and recording clients' health information. Almost half of the studies looked at health workers' use of mobile devices for mother, child, and newborn health. We have moderate or high confidence in the following findings. mHealth changed how health workers worked with each other: health workers appreciated being more connected to colleagues, and thought that this improved co-ordination and quality of care. However, some described problems when senior colleagues did not respond or responded in anger. Some preferred face-to-face connection with colleagues. Some believed that mHealth improved their reporting, while others compared it to "big brother watching". mHealth changed how health workers delivered care: health workers appreciated how mHealth let them take on new tasks, work flexibly, and reach clients in difficult-to-reach areas. They appreciated mHealth when it improved feedback, speed and workflow, but not when it was slow or time consuming. Some health workers found decision support software useful; others thought it threatened their clinical skills. Most health workers saw mHealth as better than paper, but some preferred paper. Some health workers saw mHealth as creating more work. mHealth led to new forms of engagement and relationships with clients and communities: health workers felt that communicating with clients by mobile phone improved care and their relationships with clients, but felt that some clients needed face-to-face contact. Health workers were aware of the importance of protecting confidential client information when using mobile devices. Some health workers did not mind being contacted by clients outside working hours, while others wanted boundaries. Health workers described how some community members trusted health workers that used mHealth while others were sceptical. Health workers pointed to problems when clients needed to own their own phones. Health workers' use and perceptions of mHealth could be influenced by factors tied to costs, the health worker, the technology, the health system and society, poor network access, and poor access to electricity: some health workers did not mind covering extra costs. Others complained that phone credit was not delivered on time. Health workers who were accustomed to using mobile phones were sometimes more positive towards mHealth. Others with less experience, were sometimes embarrassed about making mistakes in front of clients or worried about job security. Health workers wanted training, technical support, user-friendly devices, and systems that were integrated into existing electronic health systems. The main challenges health workers experienced were poor network connections, access to electricity, and the cost of recharging phones. Other problems included damaged phones. Factors outside the health system also influenced how health workers experienced mHealth, including language, gender, and poverty issues. Health workers felt that their commitment to clients helped them cope with these challenges.

Authors' conclusions: Our findings propose a nuanced view about mHealth programmes. The complexities of healthcare delivery and human interactions defy simplistic conclusions on how health workers will perceive and experience their use of mHealth. Perceptions reflect the interplay between the technology, contexts, and human attributes. Detailed descriptions of the programme, implementation processes and contexts, alongside effectiveness studies, will help to unravel this interplay to formulate hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of mHealth.

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Conflict of interest statement

Willem A Odendaal: no financial conflicts of interest. Jocelyn Anstey Watkins: no financial conflicts of interest. JAW first‐authored a paper that is included in this review. This paper is about health professionals' self‐initiated use of their personal mobile devices to deliver and support the delivery of primary health care. JAW was excluded from the screening process of this paper. Natalie Leon: no financial conflicts of interest. It should be known that the systematic review work submitted, is partially funded by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR) via a grant and partly by the South African Medical Council as the employing organization. I have done other research work on the topic of mHealth. I published a process evaluation of patient experience of a mHealth trial for adherence to hypertension. I am currently completing a process evaluation of a second mHealth trial for diabetes adherence. I am co‐investigator in Cochrane systematic review on patient perceptions of mHealth that contributed to the 2019 WHO Digital Health Recommendations for Health system strengthening. I do not think the AHPSR institutional funding and the other mHealth research constitute any competing interest. Jane Goudge: no financial conflicts of interest. JG was co‐author on the included paper first‐authored by JAW. JG was excluded from the screening process of this paper. Frances Griffiths: no financial conflicts of interest. The University of Warwick has received grants from the UK Medical Research Council and National Institute of Health Research for research in which FG is involved on use of mobile consulting, on an intervention (supervision support) to improve quality of care provided by community health workers, and on access to health care in slums. FG was co‐author on the included paper first‐authored by JAW. FG was excluded from the screening process of this paper. Mark Tomlinson: MT contracts Mobenzi Technologies for research and logistic services. MT has a particular interest in the use of digital technologies in global health and has received funding for the implementation of intervention studies using new digital technologies. MT has published in the field of mHealth and one of these papers about the use of mHealth in the supervision and management of community health workers.is included in this review. MT was excluded from the screening process of this paper. Karen Daniels: no financial conflicts of interest. The South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) was funded to conduct this review by The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research at WHO, and KD was the principal investigator on this grant at the SAMRC. KD currently works at the WHO but did not receive any additional funds from the WHO for her work on this review and was not involved in WHO's use of preliminary findings from this review in a recent WHO guideline.

A number of non‐financial issues, including personal, political and academic factors, may have influenced the review authors' input when conducting this review. The review authors have discussed this further in the sections on reflexivity in the Methods and Results sections.

Figures

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Update of

Healthcare workers' perceptions and experiences on using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services: a qualitative evidence synthesis.
Odendaal W, Goudge J, Griffiths F, Tomlinson M, Leon N, Daniels K. Odendaal W, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov;2015(11):CD011942. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942. Epub 2015 Nov 10. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 26;3:CD011942. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011942.pub2. PMID: 27478408 Free PMC article. Updated. No abstract available.

References

References to studies included in this review

Ayiasi 2015 {published data only}

1. Mangwi Ayiasi R, Atuyambe LM, Kiguli J, Garimoi Orach C, Kolsteren P, Criel B. Use of mobile phone consultations during home visits by Community Health Workers for maternal and newborn care: community experiences from Masindi and Kiryandongo districts, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2015;15(560):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

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Hampshire 2016 {published data only}

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Henry 2016 {published data only}

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Hirsch‐Moverman 2017 {published data only}

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Huq 2014 {published data only}

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Ilozumba 2018 {published data only}

1. Ilozumba O, Dieleman M, Kraamwinkel N, Belle S, Chaudoury M, Broerse JE. “I am not telling. The mobile is telling”: Factors influencing the outcomes of a community health worker mHealth intervention in India. PLoS ONE 2018;13(3):e0194927. - PMC - PubMed

Jalloh‐Vos 2013 {published data only}

1. Jalloh‐Vos H, Herschderfer K, Jalloh AM, Ormel H, Koning K, Kamara SA, et al. Mobile health: Connecting managers, service providers and clients in Bombali district, Sierra Leone. Midline study report. Amsterdam: KIT 2013.

Jennings 2013 {published data only}

1. Jennings L, Ong'ech J, Simiyu R, Sirengo M, Kassaye S. Exploring the use of mobile phone technology for the enhancement of the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV program in Nyanza, Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2013;13(1131):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Jones 2012 {published data only}

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Kabakyenga 2016 {published data only}

1. Kabakyenga J, Barigye C, Brenner J, Maling S, Buchner D, Nettle‐Aquirre A, et al. A demonstration of mobile phone deployment to support the treatment of acutely ill children under five in Bushenyi district, Uganda. African Health Sciences 2016;16(1):89‐96. - PMC - PubMed

Khan 2015 {published data only}

1. Khan NU, Rasheed S, Sharmin T, Ahmed T, Mahmood SS, Khatun F, et al. Experience of using mHealth to link village doctors with physicians: lessons from Chakaria, Bangladesh. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2015;15(62):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Knoble 2015 {published data only}

1. Knoble SJ, Bhusal MR. Electronic diagnostic algorithms to assist mid‐level health care workers in Nepal: a mixed‐method exploratory study. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2015;84(5):334‐40. - PubMed

Kolltveit 2017 {published data only}

1. Kolltveit BH, Gjengedal E, Graue M, Iversen MM, Thorne S, Kirkevold M. Conditions for success in introducing telemedicine in diabetes foot care: a qualitative inquiry. BMC Nursing 2017;16(2):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed

Lodhia 2016 {published data only}

1. Lodhia V, Karanja S. Acceptability, usability, and views on deployment of Peek, a mobile phone mHealth intervention for eye care in Kenya: qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research Mhealth and Uhealth 2016;4(2):e30. - PMC - PubMed

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Medhanyie 2015 {published data only}

1. Medhanyie AA, Moser A, Spigt M, Yebyo H, Little A, Dinant G, et al. Mobile health data collection at primary health care in Ethiopia: a feasible challenge. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2015;68:80‐6. - PubMed

Messinger 2017 {published data only}

1. Messinger CJ, Mahmud I, Kanan S, Jahangir YT, Sarker M, Rashid SF. Utilization of mobile phones for accessing menstrual regulation services among low‐income women in Bangladesh: a qualitative analysis. Reproductive Health 2017;14(7):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

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Mitchell 2012 {published data only}

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Modi 2015 {published data only}

1. Modi D, Gopalan R, Shah S, Venkatraman S, Desai G, Desai S, et al. Development and formative evaluation of an innovative mHealth intervention for improving coverage of community‐based maternal, newborn and child health services in rural areas of India. Global Health Action 2015;8:26769. - PMC - PubMed

Murray 2011 {published data only}

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Murray 2015 {published data only}

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Mwendwa 2016 {published data only}

1. Mwendwa P. Assessing the fit of RapidSMS for maternal and new‐born health: perspectives of community health workers in rural Rwanda. Development in Practice 2016;26(1):38‐51.

Nguyen 2015 {published data only}

1. Nguyen LH, LeFevre AE, Jennings L, Agarwal S, Mehl G, Labrique AB, et al. Perceptions of data processes in mobile‐based versus paper‐based health information systems for maternal, newborn and child health: a qualitative study in Andhra Pradesh, India. BMJ Innovations 2015;1:167–73.

Orchard 2014 {published data only}

1. Orchard J, Freedman SB, Lowres N, Peiris D, Neubeck L. iPhone ECG screening by practice nurses and receptionists for atrial fibrillation in general practice: the GP‐SEARCH qualitative pilot study. Australian Family Physician 2014;43(5):315‐19. - PubMed

Praveen 2014 {published data only}

1. Praveen D, Patel A. SMARTHealth India: development and field evaluation of a mobile clinical decision support system for cardiovascular diseases in rural India. Journal of Medical Internet Research Mhealth and Uhealth 2014;2(4):e54. - PMC - PubMed

Quinn 2013 {published data only}

1. Quinn EM, Corrigan MA, O'Mullane J, Murphy D, Lehane EA, Leahy‐Warren P, et al. Clinical unity and community empowerment: the use of smartphone technology to empower community management of chronic venous ulcers through the support of a tertiary unit. PLoS ONE 2013;8(11):e78786. - PMC - PubMed

Ramirez 2017 {published data only}

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Rothstein 2016 {published data only}

1. Rothstein JD, Jennings L, Moorthy A, Yang F, Gee L, Romano K, et al. Qualitative assessment of the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of a mobile client data app for community‐based maternal, neonatal, and child care in rural Ghana. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2016;2016:1‐14. - PMC - PubMed

Schoen 2017 {published data only}

1. Schoen J, Mallett JW, Grossman‐Kahn R, Brentani A, Kaselitz E, Heisler M. Perspectives and experiences of community health workers in Brazilian primary care centers using m‐health tools in home visits with community members. Human Resources for Health 2017;15(1):71. - PMC - PubMed

Shao 2015 {published data only}

1. Shao AF, Rambaud‐Althaus C, Swai N, Kahama‐Maro J, Genton B, D'Acremont V, et al. Can smartphones and tablets improve the management of childhood illness in Tanzania? A qualitative study from a primary health care worker's perspective. BMC Health Services Research 2015;15(13):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Shieshia 2014 {published data only}

1. Shieshia M, Noel M, Andersson S, Felling B, Alva S, Agarwal S, et al. Strengthening community health supply chain performance through an integrated approach: Using mHealth technology and multilevel teams in Malawi. Journal of Global Health 2014;4(2):020406. - PMC - PubMed

Surka 2014 {published data only}

1. Surka S, Edirippulige S, Steyn K, Gaziano T, Puoane T, Levitt N. Evaluating the use of mobile phone technology to enhance cardiovascular disease screening by community health workers. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2014;83(9):648‐54. - PMC - PubMed

Tewari 2017 {published data only}

1. Tewari A, Kallakuri S, Devarapalli S, Jha V, Patel A, Maulik PK. Process evaluation of the systematic medical appraisal, referral and treatment (SMART) mental health project in rural India. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(385):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Toda 2017 {published data only}

1. Toda M, Njeru I, Zurovac D, Kareko D, O‐Tipo S, Mwau M, et al. Understanding mSOS: A qualitative study examining the implementation of a text‐messaging outbreak alert system in rural Kenya. PLoS ONE 2017;12(6):e0179408. - PMC - PubMed

Valaitis 2005 {published data only}

1. Valaitis RK, O'Mara LM. Public health nurses' perceptions of mobile computing in a school program. Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2005;23(3):153–60. - PubMed

van der Wal 2016 {published data only}

1. Wal R. Acceptance and use of mHealth Tools by Auxiliary Midwives in Myanmar: a qualitative study (Masters thesis). Montreal (Canada): University of Montreal, 2016.

van Heerden 2017 {published data only}

1. Heerden A, Sen D, Desmond C, Louw J, Richter L. App‐supported promotion of child growth and development by community health workers in Kenya: feasibility and acceptability study. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2017;5(12):e182. - PMC - PubMed

Vedanthan 2015 {published data only}

1. Vedanthan R, Blank E, Tuikong N, Kamano J, Misoi L, Tulienge D, et al. Usability and feasibility of a tablet‐based Decision‐Support and Integrated Record‐keeping (DESIRE) tool in the nurse management of hypertension in rural western Kenya. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2015;83(4):207–19. - PMC - PubMed

Watkins 2018 {published data only}

1. Watkins JO, Goudge J, Gómez‐Olivé FX, Griffiths F. Mobile phone use among patients and health workers to enhance primary healthcare: A qualitative study in rural South Africa. Social Science & Medicine 2018;198:139–47. - PubMed

Westergaard 2017 {published data only}

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Wolff‐Piggott 2018 {published data only}

1. Wolff‐Piggott B, Coleman J, Rivett U. The clinic‐level perspective on mHealth implementation: a South African case study. Information Technology for Development 2018;24(3):532‐53.

References to studies excluded from this review

Adokiya 2015 {published data only}

1. Adokiya MN, Awoonor‐Williams JK, Beiersmann C, Müller O. The integrated disease surveillance and response system in northern Ghana: challenges to the core and support functions. BMC Health Services Research 2015;15(288):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

Beauregard 2017 {published data only}

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Diese 2018 {published data only}

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Donald 2016 {published data only}

1. Donald M, McBrien K, Jackson W, Manns BJ, Tonelli M, King‐Shier K, et al. Development and implementation of an online clinical pathway for adult chronic kidney disease in primary care: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2016;16(109):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

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Duclos 2017 {published data only}

1. Duclos V, Yé M, Moubassira K, Sanou H, Sawadogo NH, Bibeau G, et al. Situating mobile health: a qualitative study of mHealth expectations in the rural health district of Nouna, Burkina Faso. Health Research Policy and Systems 2017;15 Suppl 1:1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Duggal 2018 {published data only}

1. Duggal M, Chakrapani V, Liberti L, Satyanarayna V, Varghese M, Singh P, et al. Acceptability of mobile phone‐based nurse‐delivered counseling intervention to improve HIV treatment adherence and self‐care behaviors among HIV‐positive women in India. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2018;32:349‐59. - PMC - PubMed

English 2016 {published data only}

1. English LL, Dunsmuir D. The PAediatric Risk Assessment (PARA) mobile app to reduce postdischarge child mortality: design, usability, and feasibility for health care workers in Uganda. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2016;4(1):e16. - PMC - PubMed

Fairbrother 2013 {published data only}

1. Fairbrother P, Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, Sheikh A, Pagliari C, et al. Exploring telemonitoring and self‐management by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study embedded in a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2013;93(3):403‐10. - PubMed

Farrell 2016 {published data only}

1. Farrell M. Use of iphones by nurses in an acute care setting to improve communication and decision‐making processes: aualitative analysis of nurses' perspectives on iphone use. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2016;4(2):e43. - PMC - PubMed

Garrett 2008 {published data only}

1. Garrett B, Klein G. Value of wireless personal digital assistants for practice: perceptions of advanced practice nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2008;17(16):2146‐54. - PubMed

Golsteijn 2017 {published data only}

1. Golsteijn RH, Bolman C, Volders E, Peels DA, Vries H, Lechner L. Development of a computer‐tailored physical activity intervention for prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors: OncoActive. BMC Cancer 2017;17(446):1‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Griffiths 2017 {published data only}

1. Griffiths F, Bryce C, Cave J, Dritsaki M, Fraser J, Hamilton K, et al. Timely digital patient‐clinician communication in specialist clinical services for young people: a mixed‐methods study (The LYNC Study). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(4):e102. - PMC - PubMed

Gururajan 2014 {published data only}

1. Gururajan R, Hafeez‐Baig Ab. An empirical study to determine factors that motivate and limit the implementation of ICT in healthcare environments. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2014;14(98):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed

Haimi 2018 {published data only}

1. Haimi M, Brammli‐Greenberg S, Waisman Y, Baron‐Epel O. Physicians' experiences, attitudes and challenges in a pediatric telemedicine service. Pediatric Research 2018;84(5):650‐6. - PubMed

Halje 2016 {published data only}

1. Halje K, Timpka T, Ekberg J, Bång M, Fröberg A, Eriksson H. Towards mHealth systems for support of psychotherapeutic practice: a qualitative study of researcher‐clinician collaboration in system design and evaluation. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2016;2016:1‐7. - PMC - PubMed

Hallberg 2018 {published data only}

1. Hallberg I, Ranerup A, Bengtsson U, Kjellgren K. Experiences, expectations and challenges of an interactive mobile phone‐based system to support self‐management of hypertension: patients' and professionals' perspectives. Patient Preference and Adherence 2018;12:467‐76. - PMC - PubMed

Hanna 2013 {published data only}

1. Hanna L, Fairhurst K. Using information and communication technologies to consult with patients in Victorian primary care: the views of general practitioners. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2013;19(2):166‐70. - PubMed

Harle 2014 {published data only}

1. Harle C, Cook R, Fillingim R. Informing clinical decision support for chronic pain in primary care: how do physicians decide when to initiate opioids?. Journal of Pain 2014;15(4):S87.

Harris 2013 {published data only}

1. Harris JL, Furberg R, Martin N, Kuhns L, Lewis MA, Coomes C, et al. Implementing an SMS‐based intervention for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 2013;19(2):E9‐16. - PubMed

Holzman 2018 {published data only}

1. Holzman SB, Zenilman A, Shah M. Advancing patient‐centered care in tuberculosis management: a mixed‐methods appraisal of video directly observed therapy. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2018;5(4):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed

Johansson 2010 {published data only}

1. Johansson PE, Petersson GI, Nilsson GC. Personal digital assistant with a barcode reader ‐ a medical decision support system for nurses in home care. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2010;79(4):232‐42. - PubMed

Kuiper 2010 {published data only}

1. Kuiper R. Metacognitive factors that impact student nurse use of point of care technology in clinical settings. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship 2010;7(1):1‐15. - PubMed

Larsen 2012 {published data only}

1. Larsen AC. Trappings of technology: casting palliative care nursing as legal relations. Nursing Inquiry 2012;19(4):334‐44. - PubMed

Mares 2016 {published data only}

1. Mares ML, Gustafson DH, Glass JE, Quanbeck A, McDowell H, McTavish F, et al. Implementing an mHealth system for substance use disorders in primary care: a mixed methods study of clinicians’ initial expectations and first year experiences. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2016;16(126):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Mather 2015 {published data only}

1. Mather C, Cummings E. Unveiling the mobile learning paradox. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2015;218:126‐31. - PubMed

McAlearney 2004 {published data only}

1. McAlearney AS, Schweikhart SB, Medow MA. Doctors' experience with handheld computers in clinical practice: qualitative study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2004;328(7449):1‐5. - PMC - PubMed

Mehta 2018 {published data only}

1. Mehta K, Kumar AM. 'M‐TRACK' (mobile phone reminders and electronic tracking tool) cuts the risk of pre‐treatment loss to follow‐up by 80% among people living with HIV under programme settings: a mixed‐methods study from Gujarat, India. Global Health Action 2018;11(1):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

Melby 2014 {published data only}

1. Melby L, Helleso R. Introducing electronic messaging in Norwegian healthcare: unintended consequences for interprofessional collaboration. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2014;83(5):343‐53. - PubMed

Mirsky 2016 {published data only}

1. Mirsky JB, Tieu L, Lyles C, Sarkar U. A mixed‐methods study of patient‐provider e‐mail content in a safety‐net setting. Journal of Health Communication 2016;21(1):85‐91. - PMC - PubMed

Mukasa 2017 {published data only}

1. Mukasa O, Mushi HP, Maire N. Do surveys with paper and electronic devices differ in quality and cost? Experience from the Rufiji Health and demographic surveillance system in Tanzania. Global Health Action 2017;10(1):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed

Neville 2006 {published data only}

1. Neville RG, Greene AC, Lewis S. Patient and health care professional views and experiences of computer agent‐supported health care. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics 2006;14(1):11‐5. - PubMed

Ng 2017 {published data only}

1. Ng SL, Phelan S, Leonard M, Galster J. A qualitative case study of smartphone‐connected hearing aids: influences on patients, clinicians, and patient‐clinician interactions. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2017;28(6):506‐21. - PubMed

Nygren 2014 {published data only}

1. Nygren D, Isaksson AL. Battling malaria in rural Zambia with modern technology: a qualitative study on the value of cell phones, geographical information systems, asymptomatic carriers and rapid diagnostic tests to identify, treat and control malaria. Journal of Public Health in Africa 2014;5(1):9‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Pahwa 2018 {published data only}

1. Pahwa P, Lunsford S. Experiences of Indian health workers using WhatsApp for improving aseptic practices with newborns: exploratory qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research Medical Informatics 2018;6(1):e13. - PMC - PubMed

Pimmer 2014 {published data only}

1. Pimmer C, Brysiewicz P, Linxen S, Walters F, Chipps J, Grohbiel U. Informal mobile learning in nurse education and practice in remote areas‐‐a case study from rural South Africa. Nurse Education Today 2014;34(11):1398‐404. - PubMed

Popeski 2015 {published data only}

1. Popeski N, McKeen C, Khokhar B, Edwards A, Ghali WA, Sargious P, et al. Perceived barriers to and facilitators of patient‐to‐provider e‐mail in the management of diabetes care. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2015;39(6):478‐83. - PubMed

Salbach 2011 {published data only}

1. Salbach NM, Veinot P, Jaglal SB, Bayley M, Rolfe D. From continuing education to personal digital assistants: what do physical therapists need to support evidence‐based practice in stroke management?. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2011;17(4):786‐93. - PubMed

Sampson 2016 {published data only}

1. Sampson R, Barbour R, Wilson P. Email communication at the medical primary‐secondary care interface: a qualitative exploration. British Journal of General Practice 2016;66(648):e467‐73. - PMC - PubMed

Sanabria 2012 {published data only}

1. Sanabria TJ, Orta M. The Maniapure Program ‐ lessons learned from a rural experience: two decades delivering primary healthcare through telemedicine. Telemedicine Journal and eHealth 2012;18(7):1‐8. - PubMed

Seward 2018 {published data only}

1. Seward MW, Simon D, Richardson M, Oken E, Gillman MW, Hivert MF. Supporting healthful lifestyles during pregnancy: a health coach intervention pilot study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2018;18(375):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

Smillie 2014 {published data only}

1. Smillie K, Borek N, Kop ML, Lukhwaro A, Li N, Karanja S, et al. Mobile health for early retention in HIV care: a qualitative study in Kenya (WelTel Retain). African Journal of AIDS Research 2014;13(4):331‐8. - PMC - PubMed

Sureshkumar 2016 {published data only}

1. Sureshkumar K, Murthy GV, Natarajan S, Naveen C, Goenka S, Kuper H. Evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of the ‘Care for Stroke’ intervention in India, a smartphone‐enabled, carer‐supported, educational intervention for management of disability following stroke. BMJ Open 2016;6(2):e009243. - PMC - PubMed

Varsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Varsi C, Ekstedt M, Gammon D, Borosund E, Ruland CM. Middle managers' experiences and role in implementing an interactive tailored patient assessment eHealth intervention in clinical practice. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN 2015;33(6):249‐57. - PubMed

Verwey 2012 {published data only}

1. Verwey R, Weegen S, Tange H, Spreeuwenberg M, Weijden T, Witte L. Get moving: the practice nurse is watching you! A case study of the user‐centred design process and testing of a web‐based coaching system to stimulate the physical activity of chronically ill patients in primary care. Informatics in Primary Care 2012;20(4):289‐98. - PubMed

Willcox 2015 {published data only}

1. Willcox JC, Pligt P. Views of women and health professionals on mHealth lifestyle interventions in pregnancy: a qualitative investigation. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2015;3(4):e99. - PMC - PubMed

Wittmann‐Price 2012 {published data only}

1. Wittmann‐Price RA, Kennedy LD, Godwin C. Use of personal phones by senior nursing students to access health care information during clinical education: staff nurses' and students' perceptions. Journal of Nursing Educaction 2012;51(11):642‐6. - PubMed

Wong 2013 {published data only}

1. Wong MC, Cummings E, Turner P. User‐centered design in clinical handover: exploring post‐implementation outcomes for clinicians. Studies in Health Technololgy and Informatics 2013;192:253‐7. - PubMed

Wools‐Kaloustian 2009 {published data only}

1. Wools‐Kaloustian KK, Sidle JE, Selke HM, Vedanthan R, Kemboi EK, Boit LJ, et al. A model for extending antiretroviral care beyond the rural health centre. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2009;12(22):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abejirinde 2018 {published data only}

1. Abejirinde IO, Douwes R, Bardaji A, Abugnaba‐Abanga R, Zweekhorst M, Roosmalen J, et al. Pregnant women's experiences with an integrated diagnostic and decision support device for antenatal care in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018;18(1):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed

Abejirinde 2018a {published data only}

1. Abejirinde IO, Zweekhorst M, Bardaji A, Abugnaba‐Abanga R, Apentibadek N, Brouwere V, et al. Unveiling the black box of diagnostic and clinical decision support systems for antenatal care: realist evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(12):e11468. - PMC - PubMed

Abidi 2018 {published data only}

1. Abidi S, Vallis M, Piccinini‐Vallis H, Imran SA, Abidi SS. Diabetes‐related behavior change knowledge transfer to primary care practitioners and patients: implementation and evaluation of a digital health platform. Journal of Medical Internet Research Medical Informatics 2018;6(2):e25. - PMC - PubMed

Alam 2019 {published data only}

1. Alam M, Banwell C, Olsen A, Lokuge K. Patients' and doctors' perceptions of a mobile phone‐based consultation service for maternal, neonatal, and infant health care in Bangladesh: a mixed‐methods study. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(4):e11842. - PMC - PubMed

Amoakoh 2019 {published data only}

1. Amoakoh HB, Klipstein‐Grobusch K, Ansah EK, Grobbee DE, Yveoo L, Agyepong I. How and why front‐line health workers (did not) use a multifaceted mHealth intervention to support maternal and neonatal healthcare decision‐making in Ghana. BMJ Global Health 2019;4(2):e001153. - PMC - PubMed

Anastasiadou 2019 {published data only}

1. Anastasiadou D, Folkvord F, Serrano‐Troncoso E, Lupianez‐Villanueva F. Mobile health adoption in mental health: user experience of a mobile health app for patients with an eating disorder. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(6):e12920. - PMC - PubMed

Asgary 2019 {published data only}

1. Asgary R, Cole H, Adongo P, Nwameme A, Maya E, Adu‐Amankwah A, et al. Acceptability and implementation challenges of smartphone‐based training of community health nurses for visual inspection with acetic acid in Ghana: mHealth and cervical cancer screening. BMJ Open 2019;9(7):e030528. - PMC - PubMed

Austin 2020 {published data only}

1. Austin L, Sharp CA, Veer SN, Machin M, Humphreys J, Mellor P, et al. Providing 'the bigger picture': benefits and feasibility of integrating remote monitoring from smartphones into the electronic health record. Rheumatology 2020;59(2):367‐78. - PMC - PubMed

Barsky 2019 {published data only}

1. Barsky J, Hunter R, McAllister C, Yeates K, Campbell N, Liu P, et al. Analysis of the implementation, user perspectives, and feedback from a mobile health intervention for individuals living with hypertension (DREAM‐GLOBAL): mixed methods study. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(12):e12639. - PMC - PubMed

Bauer 2018 {published data only}

1. Bauer AM, Iles‐Shih M, Ghomi RH, Rue T, Grover T, Kincler N, et al. Acceptability of mHealth augmentation of collaborative care: a mixed methods pilot study. General Hospital Psychiatry 2018;51:22‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Bennett‐Levy 2017 {published data only}

1. Bennett‐Levy J, Singer J, DuBois S, Hyde K. Translating e‐mental health into practice: what are the barriers and enablers to e‐mental health implementation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health professionals?. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(1):e1. - PMC - PubMed

Bessat 2019 {published data only}

1. Bessat C, Zonon NA, D'Acremont V. Large‐scale implementation of electronic integrated management of childhood illness (eIMCI) at the primary care level in Burkina Faso: a qualitative study on health worker perception of its medical content, usability and impact on antibiotic prescription and resistance. BMC Public Health 2019;19(449):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Bhatt 2018 {published data only}

1. Bhatt S, Isaac R, Finkel M, Evans J, Grant L, Paul B, et al. Mobile technology and cancer screening: lessons from rural India. Journal of Global Health 2018;8(2):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Bolan 2018 {published data only}

1. Bolan NE, Sthreshley L, Ngoy B, Ledy F, Ntayingi M, Makasy D, et al. mLearning in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a mixed‐methods feasibility and pilot cluster randomized trial using the safe delivery app. Global Health: Science and Practice 2018;6(4):693‐710. - PMC - PubMed

Bonnell 2018 {published data only}

1. Bonnell S, Griggs A, Avila G, Mack J, Bush RA, Vignato J, et al. Community health workers and use of mHealth: improving identification of pregnancy complications and access to care in the Dominican Republic. Health Promotion Practice 2018;19(3):331‐40. - PubMed

Boyce 2019 {published data only}

1. Boyce SP, Nyangara F, Kamunyori J. A mixed‐methods quasi‐experimental evaluation of a mobile health application and quality of care in the integrated community case management program in Malawi. Journal of Global Health 2019;9(1):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Chirambo 2019 {published data only}

1. Chirambo GB, Muula AS, Thompson M. Factors affecting sustainability of mHealth decision support tools and mHealth technologies in Malawi. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2019;17:1‐7.

de Vries 2017 {published data only}

1. Vries ST, Wong L, Sutcliffe A, Houÿez F, Lasheras RC, Peter GM, et al. Factors influencing the use of a mobile app for reporting adverse drug reactions and receiving safety information: a qualitative study. Drug Safety 2017;40(5):443‐55. - PMC - PubMed

Dharmayat 2019 {published data only}

1. Dharmayat KI, Tran T, Hardy V, Chirambo BG, Thompson MJ, Ide N, et al. Sustainability of ‘mhealth’ interventions in sub‐Saharan Africa: a stakeholder analysis of an electronic community case management project in Malawi. Malawi Medical Journal 2019;31(3):177‐83. - PMC - PubMed

DiCarlo 2018 {published data only}

1. DiCarlo A, Fayorsey R, Syengo M, Chege D, Sirengo M, Reidy W, et al. Lay health worker experiences administering a multi‐level combination intervention to improve PMTCT retention. BMC Health Services Research 2018;18(17):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Dodson 2019 {published data only}

1. Dodson CH, Baker E, Bost K. Thematic analysis of nurse practitioners use of clinical decision support tools and clinical mobile apps for prescriptive purposes. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 2019;31(9):522‐6. - PubMed

Donaghy 2019 {published data only}

1. Donaghy E, Atherton H, Hammersley V, McNeilly H, Bikker A, Robbins L, et al. Acceptability, benefits, and challenges of video consulting: a qualitative study in primary care. British Journal of General Practice 2019;69(686):e586‐94. - PMC - PubMed

Dusabe‐Richards 2016 {published data only}

1. Dusabe‐Richards JN, Tesfaye HT, Mekonnen J, Kea A, Theobald S, Datiko DG. Women health extension workers: capacities, opportunities and challenges to use eHealth to strengthen equitable health systems in Southern Ethiopia. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2016;107(4‐5):e355‐61. - PMC - PubMed

Ferrari 2016 {published data only}

1. Ferrari M, Ahmad F, Shakya Y, Ledwos C, McKenzie K. Computer‐assisted client assessment survey for mental health: patient and health provider perspectives. BMC Health Services Research 2016;16(516):1‐15. - PMC - PubMed

Fischer 2019 {published data only}

1. Fischer AE, Sebidi J, Barron P, Lalla‐Edward ST. The MomConnect nurses and midwives support platform (NurseConnect): a qualitative process evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(2):e11644. - PMC - PubMed

Gopalakrishnan 2020 {published data only}

1. Gopalakrishnan L, Buback L, Fernald L, Walker D, Diamond‐Smith N. Using mHealth to improve health care delivery in India: a qualitative examination of the perspectives of community health workers and beneficiaries. PLoS ONE 2020;15(1):e0227451. - PMC - PubMed

Grant 2019 {published data only}

1. Grant S, Hodgkinson J, Schwartz C, Bradburn P, Franssen M, Hobbs FD, et al. Using mHealth for the management of hypertension in UK primary care: an embedded qualitative study of the TASMINH4 randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2019;69(686):e612‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Hackett 2018 {published data only}

1. Hackett KM, Kazemi M, Sellen DW. Keeping secrets in the cloud: mobile phones, data security and privacy within the context of pregnancy and childbirth in Tanzania. Social Sciences & Medicine 2018;211(2018):190‐7. - PubMed

Hackett 2019 {published data only}

1. Hackett K, Kazemi M, Lafleur C, Nyella P, Godfrey L, Sellen D. 'It makes you someone who changes with the times': health worker and client perspectives on a smartphone‐based counselling application deployed in rural Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2019;34(4):307‐15. - PubMed

Hans 2017 {published data only}

1. Hans PK, Gray CS, Gill A, Tiessen J. The provider perspective: investigating the effect of the electronic patient‐reported outcome (ePRO) mobile application and portal on primary care provider workflow. Primary Health Care Research & Development 2017;19(2):151‐64. - PMC - PubMed

Henkemans 2018 {published data only}

1. Henkemans BO, Keij M, Grootjen M, Kamphuis M, Dijkshoorn A. Design and evaluation of the StartingTogether app for home visits in preventive child health care. BMC Nursing 2018;17(41):1‐16. - PMC - PubMed

Hutchinson 2017 {published data only}

1. Hutchinson E, Reyburn H, Hamlyn E, Long K, Meta J, Mbakilwa H, et al. Bringing the state into the clinic? Incorporating the rapid diagnostic test for malaria into routine practice in Tanzanian primary healthcare facilities. Global Public Health 2017;12(9):1077‐91. - PMC - PubMed

Ide 2019 {published data only}

1. Ide N, Hardy V, Chirambo G, Heavin C, O’connor Y, O’donoghue J, et al. People welcomed this innovation with two hands: A qualitative report of an mhealth intervention for community case management in Malawi. Annals of Global Health 2019;85(1):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed

Ismail 2019 {published data only}

1. Ismail A, Kumar N. Empowerment on the margins: the online experiences of community health workers. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Glasgow, Scotland Uk: Association for Computing Machinery, 2019:1‐15. [DOI: ]

Johnson 2019 {published data only}

1. Johnson EM, Howard C. A library mobile device deployment to enhance the medical student experience in a rural longitudinal integrated clerkship. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2019;107(1):30‐42. - PMC - PubMed

Kapoor 2019 {published data only}

1. Kapoor S, O'Grady M, Gilmer E, Neighbors CJ, Kwon N, Conigliaro J, et al. Point‐of‐care mobile application to guide health professionals in conducting substance use screening and intervention: A mixed‐methods user experience study. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2019;34(2 Suppl):S315‐6.

Kaunda‐Khangamwa 2018 {published data only}

1. Kaunda‐Khangamwa BN, Steinhardt LC, Rowe AK, Gumbo A, Moyo D, Nsona H, et al. The effect of mobile phone text message reminders on health workers' adherence to case management guidelines for malaria and other diseases in Malawi: lessons from qualitative data from a cluster‐randomized trial. Malaria Journal 2018;17(481):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Kawakyu 2019 {published data only}

1. Kawakyu N, Nduati R, Munguambe K, Coutinho J, Mburu N, DeCastro G, et al. Development and implementation of a mobile phone‐based prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV cascade analysis tool: Usability and feasibility testing in Kenya and Mozambique. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;7(5):e13963. - PMC - PubMed

Klocek 2019 {published data only}

1. Klocek A, Smahelova M, Knapova L, Elavsky S. GPs' perspectives on eHealth use in the Czech Republic: a cross‐sectional mixed‐design survey study. BJGP Open 2019;3(3):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Kolltveit 2018 {published data only}

1. Kolltveit BC, Thorne S, Graue M, Gjengedal E, Iversen MM, Kirkevold M. Telemedicine follow‐up facilitates more comprehensive diabetes foot ulcer care: A qualitative study in home‐based and specialist health care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2018;27(5‐6):e1134‐45. - PubMed

Kurumop 2013 {published data only}

1. Kurumop SF, Bullen C, Whittaker R, Betuela I, Hetzel MW, Pulford J. Improving health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in Papua New Guinea: feasibility and acceptability of a text message reminder service. PLOS ONE 2013;8(10):e76578. - PMC - PubMed

Laar 2019 {published data only}

1. Laar AS, Bekyieriya E, Isang S, Baguune B. Assessment of mobile health technology for maternal and child health services in rural upper west region of Ghana. Public Health 2019;168:1‐8. - PubMed

Larsen‐Cooper 2015 {published data only}

1. Larsen‐Cooper E, Bancroft E, O’Toole M, Jezman Z. Where there is no phone: the benefits and limitations of using intermediaries to extend the reach of mHealth to individuals without personal phones in Malawi. African Population Studies 2015;29(1):1628‐42.

Lemay 2012 {published data only}

1. Lemay NV, Sullivan T, Jumbe B, Perry CP. Reaching remote health workers in Malawi: baseline assessment of a pilot mHealth intervention. Journal of Health Communication 2012;17(Suppl 1):105‐17. - PubMed

Lindberg 2019 {published data only}

1. Lindberg M, Rosborg S, Ramukumba MM, HÄGglund M. Adapting mHealth to workflow ‐ a case study in South Africa. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2019;265:48‐53. - PubMed

MacDonald 2019 {published data only}

1. MacDonald ME, Diallo GS. Socio‐cultural contextual factors that contribute to the uptake of a mobile health intervention to enhance maternal health care in rural Senegal. Reproductive Health 2019;16(1):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Maraba 2018 {published data only}

1. Maraba N, Hoffmann CJ, Chihota VN, Chang LW, Ismail N, Candy S, et al. Using mHealth to improve tuberculosis case identification and treatment initiation in South Africa: Results from a pilot study. PLOS ONE 2018;13(7):e0199687. - PMC - PubMed

Martinez‐Brockman 2019 {published data only}

1. Martinez‐Brockman JL, Harari N, Goeschel L, Bozzi V, Perez‐Escamilla R. A qualitative analysis of text message conversations in a breastfeeding peer counselling intervention. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2019;11:e12904. - PMC - PubMed

Mather 2019 {published data only}

1. Mather C, Cummings E, Gale F. Nurses as stakeholders in the adoption of mobile technology in Australian health care environments: interview study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;2(1):e14279. - PMC - PubMed

McBride 2018 {published data only}

1. McBride B, O’Neil JD, Hue TT, Eni R, Nguyen CV, Nguyen LT. Improving health equity for ethnic minority women in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam: qualitative results from an mHealth intervention targeting maternal and infant health service access. Journal of Public Health 2018;40(Suppl 2):ii32‐41. - PMC - PubMed

McHenry 2018 {published data only}

1. McHenry MS, Apondi E, McAteer CI, Nyandiko WM, Fischer LJ, Ombitsa AR, et al. Tablet‐based disclosure counselling for HIV‐infected children, adolescents, and their caregivers: a pilot study. African Journal of AIDS Research 2018;17(3):249‐58. - PMC - PubMed

Mengesha 2018 {published data only}

1. Mengesha W, Steege R, Kea AZ, Theobald S, Datiko DG. Can mHealth improve timeliness and quality of health data collected and used by health extension workers in rural Southern Ethiopia?. Journal of Public Health 2018;40(Supplement 2):ii74‐86. - PMC - PubMed

Musabyimana 2018 {published data only}

1. Musabyimana A, Ruton H. Assessing the perspectives of users and beneficiaries of a community health worker mHealth tracking system for mothers and children in Rwanda. PLOS One 2018;13(6):e0198725. - PMC - PubMed

Nes 2018 {published data only}

1. Nes AAG, Dulmen S, Brembo EA, Eide H. An mHealth intervention for persons with diabetes Type 2 based on acceptance and commitment therapy principles: examining treatment fidelity. Journal of Medical Internet Research mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(7):e151. - PMC - PubMed

Ngor 2018 {published data only}

1. Ngor P, White LJ, Chalk J, Lubell Y, Favede C, Cheah PY, et al. Smartphones for community health in rural Cambodia: A feasibility study. Wellcome Open Research 2018;3(69):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Nichols 2019 {published data only}

1. Nichols M, Singh A, Sarfo FS, Treiber F, Tagge R, Jenkins C, et al. Post‐intervention qualitative assessment of mobile health technology tomanage hypertension among Ghanaian stroke survivors. Journal of Neurological Science 2019;406:1‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Orchard 2019 {published data only}

1. Orchard J, Li J, Gallagher R, Freedman B, Lowres N, Neubeck L. Uptake of a primary care atrial fibrillation screening program (AF‐SMART): a realist evaluation of implementation in metropolitan and rural general practice. BMC Family Practice 2019;20(170):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed

Palazuelos 2013a {published data only}

1. Palazuelos D, Diallo AB, Palazuelos L, Carlile N, Payne JD, Franke MF. User perceptions of an mhealth medicine dosing tool for community health workers. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;1(1):1‐15. - PMC - PubMed

Patel 2018 {published data only}

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References to other published versions of this review

Odendaal 2015

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