Engineering Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrices: Decellularization, Characterization, and Biological Function

Abstract

Stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, have attracted considerable attention in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine primarily because of their unique ability in self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. However, stem cells also have important secretory functions that form a specialized in vivo microenvironment and direct tissue development and regeneration. Extracellular matrices (ECMs) derived from stem cells retain the functional properties of their native environment and exhibit unique signaling that mediates stem cell self-renewal and lineage commitment. Stem cell-derived ECMs (scECMs) also have tunable properties corresponding to their developmental stages, suggesting that their lineage- and developmental specificity can be engineered for a wide range of applications. Hence, there is a growing interest in reconstructing stem cell microenvironment through decellularization and obtaining decellularized matrices that exhibit unique biological properties. This article summarizes recent advances in the use and understanding of scECMs. Moreover, future directions to extend the spectrum of applications of stem-derived ECMs in tissue engineering by comprehensively elucidating and engineering their regulatory function is highlighted. Impact statement Stem cells bear unique potency for multilineage differentiation as well as the capacity to secrete a vast amount of regulatory molecules. At different developmental stages, the extracellular matrices (ECMs) secreted by stem cells regulate their microenvironment and direct tissue development. The decellularization of stem cells effectively preserves ECM functional properties and can provide suitable templates to regulate stem cell fate decision, which can hardly be reproduced using single ECM proteins or synthetic scaffolds. This review highlights the unique regulatory functions of stem cell-derived ECMs, which can serve as novel sources of highly bioactive materials for tissue engineering and cell therapy.

Keywords: decellularization; extracellular matrix; mesenchymal stem cells; pluripotent stem cells; secretome.