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. 2020 Mar 28;10(4):628.
doi: 10.3390/nano10040628.

Nanocellulose-Based Patches Loaded with Hyaluronic Acid and Diclofenac towards Aphthous Stomatitis Treatment

João P F Carvalho  1 , Ana C Q Silva  1 , Verónica Bastos  2 , Helena Oliveira  2 , Ricardo J B Pinto  1 , Armando J D Silvestre  1 , Carla Vilela  1 , Carmen S R Freire  1
Affiliations

Nanocellulose-Based Patches Loaded with Hyaluronic Acid and Diclofenac towards Aphthous Stomatitis Treatment

João P F Carvalho et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Nanostructured patches composed of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), hyaluronic acid (HA) and diclofenac (DCF) were developed, envisioning the treatment of aphthous stomatitis. Freestanding patches were prepared via diffusion of aqueous solutions of HA and DCF, with different concentrations of DCF, into the wet BNC three-dimensional porous network. The resultant dual polysaccharides-based patches with a nanostructured morphology present thermal stability up to 200 °C, as well as good dynamic mechanical properties, with a storage modulus higher than 1.0 GPa. In addition, the patches are non-cytotoxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), with a cell viability of almost 100% after 24 h. The in vitro release profile of DCF from the patches was evaluated in simulated saliva, and the data refer to a diffusion- and swelling-controlled drug-release mechanism. The attained results hint at the possibility of using these dual polysaccharides-based oral mucosal patches to target aphthous stomatitis.

Keywords: aphthous stomatitis; bacterial nanocellulose; diclofenac; drug delivery; hyaluronic acid; nanostructured patches.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of the preparation of the bacterial nanocellulose/hyaluronic acid/diclofenac (BNC/HA/DCF) membrane patches.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection (FTIR–ATR) spectra of (a) BNC, HA, DCF, BNC/HA_0.2, and (b) BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the (a) surface (×10.0 k magnification) and (b) cross-section (×15.0 k magnification) of BNC, BNC/HA_0.2, BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Thermogravimetric curves of (a) BNC, HA, DCF, (b) BNC/HA_0.2, BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, (c) BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 under nitrogen atmosphere. The inset curves correspond to the derivative.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Storage modulus (E’, — solid line) and loss factor (tan δ, --- dashed line) of BNC, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Moisture-uptake capacity of BNC, BNC/HA_0.2, BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 after 24 and 48 h; (b) scheme showing the absorption of environmental humidity; (c) water-uptake capacity of BNC, BNC/HA_0.2, BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 after 24 h; (d) scheme evidencing the absorption of water from the agarose hydrogel; and (e) photographs of the BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 patch in contact with agarose hydrogel (1.4% w/w) to simulate the patch adherence to the oral mucosa.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Cell viability (the difference of the means is not significant at the 0.05 level) and (b) optical micrographs of HaCaT cells after 24 h of exposure to negative control, BNC, BNC/HA_0.2 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 patches.
Figure 8
Figure 8
DCF cumulative release profile of the BNC/DCF_0.5, BNC/DCF_1.0, BNC/HA/DCF_0.5 and BNC/HA/DCF_1.0 patches.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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