The safety of antimicrobials for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

Abstract

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its prevalence continues to increase. Despite the efficacy of antimicrobials, their safety and tolerability remain topics of interest and concern for clinicians and patients alike.Areas covered: This review outlines the main antimicrobial classes recommended for the empirical treatment of CAP in current guidelines, together with a potential new class. Each pharmacological group underwent a safety evaluation based on all available data about drug-related toxicities. The authors also present their mechanisms of action, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and the main clinical studies.Expert opinion: Overall, antimicrobials currently marketed for the treatment of CAP are well tolerated and generally safe. However, unusual and sometimes serious adverse effects can occur in susceptible populations. Attention should be paid to identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicities because, although most effects are transient, some could be disabling, permanent, or even fatal. Post-marketing surveillance remains crucial for gathering data to overcome the limitations of preclinical and clinical studies in estimating the true prevalence of drug-related adverse events.

Keywords: Adverse effects; antimicrobial agents; beta-lactam; community-acquired pneumonia; fluoroquinolones; macrolides; safety; toxicity.