Metal-Organic Framework-Based Engineered Materials-Fundamentals and Applications

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a fascinating class of porous crystalline materials constructed by organic ligands and inorganic connectors. Owing to their noteworthy catalytic chemistry, and matching or compatible coordination with numerous materials, MOFs offer potential applications in diverse fields such as catalysis, proton conduction, gas storage, drug delivery, sensing, separation and other related biotechnological and biomedical applications. Moreover, their designable structural topologies, high surface area, ultrahigh porosity, and tunable functionalities all make them excellent materials of interests for nanoscale applications. Herein, an effort has been to summarize the current advancement of MOF-based materials (i.e., pristine MOFs, MOF derivatives, or MOF composites) for electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and biocatalysis. In the first part, we discussed the electrocatalytic behavior of various MOFs, such as oxidation and reduction candidates for different types of chemical reactions. The second section emphasizes on the photocatalytic performance of various MOFs as potential candidates for light-driven reactions, including photocatalytic degradation of various contaminants, CO₂ reduction, and water splitting. Applications of MOFs-based porous materials in the biomedical sector, such as drug delivery, sensing and biosensing, antibacterial agents, and biomimetic systems for various biological species is discussed in the third part. Finally, the concluding points, challenges, and future prospects regarding MOFs or MOF-based materials for catalytic applications are also highlighted.

Keywords: biomedical applications; metal-organic frameworks; porous materials; reaction coordination.

Figure 1

A schematic overview of MOF synthesis, properties, and applications. Reprinted from Bilal et al. [14] an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Copyright (2018) Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

Figure 2

Scheme for the preparation of a MOF. Different metal ions or clusters are mixed with organic linkers using a suitable solvent. Coordination polymerization takes place between the precursors, resulting in a cross-linked network showing potential voids. Reprinted from Carrasco [17] an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright (2018), the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Figure 3

Schematic presentation of (a) NENU-500 (b) NENU-501 (c) LSV curves (d) Tafel plots of corresponding electrodes and other related materials in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Reprinted from Qin et al. [58] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Copyright (2015), the American Chemical Society.

Figure 4

(a) Schematic illustration of NU-1000. (b) Ni–S Electrodeposition for the formation of the NU-1000/Ni–S hybrid (c) LSV curves (d) Tafel plots of NU-1000/Ni–S composite and related materials. Reprinted from Hod et al. [64] an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, and (e) Presentation of the synthesis of the Zr-MOF stabilized MoSx. Reprinted from Dai et al. [66] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Copyright (2016) the American Chemical Society.

Figure 5

(a) Presentation of coordination structure of UTSA-16 (b) In 1.0 M KOH solution LSV plots of electrodes modified by UTSA-16, RuO₂, Co₃O_4, and related materials. Reprinted from Jiang et al. [76] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Copyright (2017), the American Chemical Society.

Figure 6

(a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of hollow M_xCo_3-xS₄ for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Reprinted from Huang et al. [96] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Copyright (2016) the American Chemical Society (b) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of Pt–ZnO–Co₃O₄, Pt–ZnS–CoS and Pt–Zn₃P₂–CoP photocatalysts (c) The comparison of photocatalytic performance of Pt–ZnO–Co₃O₄, Pt–ZnS–CoS and Pt–Zn₃P₂–CoP. Reprinted from Lan et al. [97] with permission from Elsevier. Copyright (2017) Elsevier Ltd.

Figure 7

Synthesis of long-lasting NIR persistent luminescent MOF (PLNPs@ZIF-8) for acid-activated Tumor imaging and drug release. Reprinted from Zhao et al. [120] with permission from Elsevier. Copyright (2019) Elsevier Ltd.

Figure 8

Representation of two-dimensional Cu(bpy)₂(OTf)₂ metal-organic framework nanosheets for fluorescent detection for H₂O₂ and glucose. Reprinted from Shi et al. [123] with permission from Elsevier. Copyright (2019) Elsevier B.V.

Figure 9

Schematic illustration of the synthesis method of PtNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) hybrid nanosheets and its application in colorimetric detection of H₂O₂ and glucose. Reprinted from Chen et al. [2] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Copyright (2018) the American Chemical Society.