Potential Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Nanoliposomal Formulation Prepared from Salvia aramiensis Rech. f. Extract

Abstract

Salvia aramiensis Rech. f. is a species that grows only in Hatay, Turkey and is used as a traditional stomachic tea. Neither the chemical composition nor the potential bioactivity of the plant has been investigated before. Antioxidant activity (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Radical (DPPH^●) and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS^+●) radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation) of 70% methanol, 70% ethanol extracts, and 2% infusion obtained from S. aramiensis aerial parts were determined. The effect of 70% methanol extract on collagenase and elastase enzyme inhibition and its chemical composition via chromatographic methods (LC-MS/MS and HPLC) were analyzed. Nanoliposomes were developed with 70% methanol extract, were characterized, and were evaluated. The key parameters for the most active 70% methanol extract included the following DPPH^•EC₅₀: 28.4 µg/mL, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/ABTS: 1.77 ± 0.09 mmol/L/Trolox. Furthermore 70% methanol extract showed more than 50% inhibition on collagenase and elastase enzymes at all the concentrations. The main component of the extract, rich in phenolic compounds, has been identified as rosmarinic acid; 83.7 µg/mL extract was released from the nanoliposomal formulation. The extract and its formulation are found to be nontoxic on the L929 fibroblast cell line. This study successfully developed a long-term antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory formulation containing S. aramiensis, which has been used safely among the public for years.

Keywords: Lamiaceae; Salvia aramiensis; antioxidant; chromatography; enzyme; nanoliposome.

Figure 1

β carotene linoleic acid peroxidation activity of S. aramiensis extracts: Values = mean ± SD, statistical analyses by Games–Howell comparison test; bars with the same lowercase letters (a–d), same symbols (*, **) and Roman numerals (I, III) are not significantly (p > 0.05) different, n = 3. S.a 70% MeOH; S. aramiensis 70% methanol extract, S.a 70% EtOH; S. aramiensis 70% ethanol extract, S.a inf; S. aramiensis 2% infusion.

Figure 2

LC/MS/MS chromatogram of 70% MeOH extract of S. aramiensis.

Figure 3

HPLC chromatogram of 70% MeOH extract of S. aramiensis.

Figure 4

SEM image of liposome.

Figure 5

Chromatogram of released extract from liposome formulation.

Figure 6

Toxicity effects of 70% MeOH extract and liposome formulation: Values given as mean ± SD were specified in the ±95% confidence interval (n = 3). Statistical analyses were by Games–Howell comparison test, and significant differences were reported as * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05.