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. 2020 Apr 3;18(1):27.
doi: 10.1186/s12960-020-0455-4.

A scoping review on family medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: practice, positioning and impact in African health care systems

Maaike Flinkenflögel  1   2   3   4 , Vincent Sethlare  5   6 , Vincent Kalumire Cubaka  5   7   8   9 , Mpundu Makasa  5   10 , Abraham Guyse  5   11 , Jan De Maeseneer  12   5
Affiliations

A scoping review on family medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: practice, positioning and impact in African health care systems

Maaike Flinkenflögel et al. Hum Resour Health. .

Abstract

Background: Family medicine (FM) is a relatively new discipline in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), still struggling to find its place in the African health systems. The aim of this review was to describe the current status of FM in SSA and to map existing evidence of its strengths, weaknesses, effectiveness and impact, and to identify knowledge gaps.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted by systematically searching a wide variety of databases to map the existing evidence. Articles exploring FM as a concept/philosophy, a discipline, and clinical practice in SSA, published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 onwards and in English language, were included. Included articles were entered in a matrix and then analysed for themes. Findings were presented and validated at a Primafamed network meeting, Gauteng 2018.

Results: A total of 73 articles matching the criteria were included. FM was first established in South Africa and Nigeria, followed by Ghana, several East African countries and more recently additional Southern African countries. In 2009, the Rustenburg statement of consensus described FM in SSA. Implementation of the discipline and the roles and responsibilities of family physicians (FPs) varied between and within countries depending on the needs in the health system structure and the local situation. Most FPs were deployed in district hospitals and levels of the health system, other than primary care. The positioning of FPs in SSA health systems is probably due to their scarcity and the broader mal-distribution of physicians. Strengths such as being an "all- round specialist", providing mentorship and supervision, as well as weaknesses such as unclear responsibilities and positioning in the health system were identified. Several studies showed positive perceptions of the impact of FM, although only a few health impact studies were done, with mixed results.

Conclusions: FM is a developing discipline in SSA. Stronger evidence on the impact of FM on the health of populations requires a critical mass of FPs and shared clarity of their position in the health system. As FM continues to grow in SSA, we suggest improved government support so that its added value and impact on health systems in terms of health equity and universal health coverage can be meaningfully explored.

Keywords: Africa; Family Medicine; Family physician; Health systems strengthening; Primary Health Care.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the article selection
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Fig. 2
Number of publications per journal
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Geographical focus of the articles
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Fig. 4
Number of publications per year. As the scoping review was done early 2018, the total number of articles for 2018 was not known
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Roles and competencies expected of a family physician in South Africa [31]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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