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Review
. 2020 Apr 2;9(4):864.
doi: 10.3390/cells9040864.

Extracellular Vesicles in Smoking-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and their Potential Role in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Interventions

Sanjana Haque  1 , Sunitha Kodidela  1 , Kelli Gerth  1 , Elham Hatami  1 , Neha Verma  1 , Santosh Kumar  1
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular Vesicles in Smoking-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and their Potential Role in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Interventions

Sanjana Haque et al. Cells. .

Abstract

In the last two decades, the mortality rate in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has decreased significantly, resulting in an almost normal longevity in this population. However, a large portion of this population still endures a poor quality of life, mostly due to an increased inclination for substance abuse, including tobacco smoking. The prevalence of smoking in PLWHA is consistently higher than in HIV negative persons. A predisposition to cigarette smoking in the setting of HIV potentially leads to exacerbated HIV replication and a higher risk for developing neurocognitive and other CNS disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been identified as mechanistic pathways in smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), packaged with oxidative stress and inflammatory agents, show promise in understanding the underlying mechanisms of smoking-induced HIV pathogenesis via cell-cell interactions. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of EVs with an emphasis on smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. This review also provides an overview of the potential applications of EVs in developing novel therapeutic carriers for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals who smoke, and in the discovery of novel biomarkers that are associated with HIV-smoking interactions in the CNS.

Keywords: HIV; HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; cigarette smoking; extracellular vesicles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Basic characteristics and potential applications of extracellular vesicles upon exposure to HIV and tobacco smoke.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Therapeutic potential of using EVs in HIV-tobacco smoking comorbidity. siRNA: Small interfering RNA; miRNA: microRNA; MHCII: major histocompatibility complex II; L1CAM: L1 cell adhesion molecule; Aβ:Amyloid beta; Neurofilament Light; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; IL-6: Interleukin 6; RANTES: Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; CD14: Cluster of differentiation14
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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