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. 2020 Mar 25;6(3):e03592.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03592. eCollection 2020 Mar.

Extraction of phytosterols and tocopherols from rapeseed oil waste by supercritical CO2 plus co-solvent: A comparison with conventional solvent extraction

Parisa Jafarian Asl  1 , Razieh Niazmand  1 , Farnaz Yahyavi  2
Affiliations

Extraction of phytosterols and tocopherols from rapeseed oil waste by supercritical CO2 plus co-solvent: A comparison with conventional solvent extraction

Parisa Jafarian Asl et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

In the present study, modified extraction methods using supercritical CO2 were investigated in order to obtain high-added value compounds from rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate and comparisons were done with modified Soxhlet extraction (solvent extraction + silica). For supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), the optimal extraction parameters were temperature of 40 °C, pressure of 350 bar (for phytosterols), 400 bar (for tocopherol), 5 wt% ethanol as co-solvent, and saponification pretreatment. The optimized SFE procedure led to the recovery of three main phytosterols (50 wt % β-sitosterol, 23.91 wt % Brassicasterol, and 36.25 wt % Campesterol) and only α-tocopherol. Moreover, there was no synergistic effect with saponification pretreatment + co-solvent and the efficiency and concentration of target compounds were less than supercritical CO2 + co-solvent. Also, comparative Data showed that the efficiency of phytosterols and tocopherols was approximately three times higher (p < 0.05) in SFE relative to modified Soxhlet extraction. Furthermore, the use of ethanol (5 wt %) as co-solvent, improved phytosterols and tocopherol efficiency and purity. The SFE technique offers various advantages over the modified Soxhlet extraction technique, including increasing the solubility of tocopherols and sterols by using CO2+ co-solvent, minimized usage of toxic organic solvents and increased purity of extracted products.

Keywords: Food science; Food technology; Solvent extraction; Sterols; Supercritical fluid extraction; Tocopherol.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic flow diagram of the SFE modular system: (C) cooler; (D) temperature equilibration coil; (E) extraction vessel; (H) oven; (S1, S2) sample collection vessel; (F) volumetric flow meter; (M) manometer; (T) thermometer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Supercritical fluid extraction of a,b) phytosterols and c,d) tocopherols using different compositions of ethanol co-solvent. Experimental conditions: 60 min extraction at 40 °C; 5 mL/min CO2 flow. (CO2- E: CO2 without ethanol, E: ethanol).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Efficiency (Y) and percentage (C) of a) sterols and b) tocopherols extracted from the saponified rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate with 5% (wt.%) ethanol as co-solvent over 1 h at 40 °C and 5 mL/min CO2 flow. (The drawn bars on each point in the linear graph represent the standard deviation).
Figure 4
Figure 4
GC-MS chromatogram of extracted A) phytosterols and B) tocopherols using SFE with mixed fluid (95% CO2 and 5% ethanol; 40 °C; and 350–400 bar); C) GC-MS chromatogram of extracted rapeseed by-product after modified soxhlet extraction at 60 °C.
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