Relationships Between Gut Microbiota, Metabolome, Body Weight, and Glucose Homeostasis of Obese Dogs Fed with Diets Differing in Prebiotic and Protein Content

Abstract

Obesity is a major issue in pets and nutritional strategies need to be developed, like promoting greater protein and fiber intake. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein levels and prebiotic supplementation on the glucose metabolism and relationships between the gut, microbiota, metabolome, and phenotype of obese dogs. Six obese Beagle dogs received a diet containing 25.6% or 36.9% crude protein, with or without 1% short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (scFOS) or oligofructose (OF), in a Latin-square study design. Fecal and blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis, untargeted metabolomics, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. A multi-block analysis was performed to build a correlation network to identify relationships between fecal microbiota, metabolome, and phenotypic variables. Diets did not affect energy homeostasis, but scFOS supplementation modulated fecal microbiota composition and induced significant changes of the fecal metabolome. Bile acids and several amino acids were related to glucose homeostasis while specific bacteria gathered in metavariables had a high number of links with phenotypic and metabolomic parameters. It also suggested that fecal aminoadipate and hippurate act as potential markers of glucose homeostasis. This preliminary study provides new insights into the relationships between the gut microbiota, the metabolome, and several phenotypic markers involved in obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions.

Keywords: amino acids; bile acids; energy homeostasis; metabolome; microbiota; obesity; prebiotic.

Figure 1

Workflow of the various statistical analyses performed to produce the correlation network.

Figure 2

Effects of prebiotic supplementation and dietary protein level on ecological indicators of fecal microbiota in obese dogs. CTRL: control; OF: oligofructose; scFOS: short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; NP: normal protein; HP: high protein. * p < 0.05.

Figure 3

Effects of prebiotic supplementation and dietary protein level on major (A) and minor (B) phyla found in the fecal microbiota of obese dogs. CTRL: control; OF: oligofructose; scFOS: short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; NP: normal protein; HP: high protein.

Figure 3

Effects of prebiotic supplementation and dietary protein level on major (A) and minor (B) phyla found in the fecal microbiota of obese dogs. CTRL: control; OF: oligofructose; scFOS: short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; NP: normal protein; HP: high protein.

Figure 4

Effects of prebiotic supplementation (A) and dietary protein level (B) on the bacterial genus and species of fecal microbiota in obese dogs. CTRL: control; OF: oligofructose; scFOS: short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; NP: normal protein; HP: high protein. a, b: Means within a raw with different superscripts differ significantly: p < 0.05. * p < 0.05.

Figure 4

Effects of prebiotic supplementation (A) and dietary protein level (B) on the bacterial genus and species of fecal microbiota in obese dogs. CTRL: control; OF: oligofructose; scFOS: short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; NP: normal protein; HP: high protein. a, b: Means within a raw with different superscripts differ significantly: p < 0.05. * p < 0.05.

Figure 5

Diagram of the different partial correlations resulting between phenotypic parameters and metagenomic and metabolomic metavariables in obese dogs. In blue: positive partial correlation; in red: negative partial correlation. Solid line: p value < 0.01 and Q value < 0.05; Dotted line: p value < 0.05 and Q value < 0.15.