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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Apr 8;4(4):CD013141.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013141.pub2.

Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants

Kwi Moon  1   2 , Gayatri K Athalye-Jape  2   3 , Uday Rao  4 , Shripada C Rao  2   3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants

Kwi Moon et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Recently conducted randomised controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that late commencement of parenteral nutrition (PN) may have clinical benefits in critically ill adults and children. However, there is currently limited evidence regarding the optimal timing of commencement of PN in critically ill term and late preterm infants.

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and safety of early versus late PN in critically ill term and late preterm infants.

Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (5 April 2019), MEDLINE Ovid (1966 to 5 April 2019), Embase Ovid (1980 to 5 April 2019), EMCare (1995 to 5 April 2019) and MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 5 April 2019). We searched for ongoing or recently completed clinical trials, and also searched the grey literature and reference lists of relevant publications.

Selection criteria: We included RCTs comparing early versus late initiation of PN in term and late preterm infants. We defined early PN as commencing within 72 hours of admission, and late PN as commencing after 72 hours of admission. Infants born at 37 weeks' gestation or more were defined as term, and infants born between 34 and 36+6 weeks' gestation were defined as late preterm.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected the trials, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Treatment effects were expressed using risk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous data. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Two RCTs were eligible for inclusion. Data were only available from a subgroup (including 209 term infants) from one RCT in children (aged from birth to 17 years) conducted in Belgium, the Netherlands and Canada. In that RCT, children with medium to high risk of malnutrition were included if a stay of 24 hours or more in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) was expected. Early PN and late PN were defined as initiation of PN within 24 hours and after day 7 of admission to PICU, respectively. The risk of bias for the study was considered to be low for five domains and high for two domains. The subgroup of term infants that received late PN had significantly lower risk of in-hospital all-cause mortality (RR 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.87; RD -0.10, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.02; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) = 10; 1 trial, 209 participants) and neonatal mortality (death from any cause in the first 28 days since birth) (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.88; RD -0.09, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.01; NNTB = 11; 1 trial, 209 participants). There were no significant differences in rates of healthcare-associated blood stream infections, growth parameters and duration of hospital stay between the two groups. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were not reported. The quality of evidence was considered to be low for all outcomes, due to imprecision (owing to the small sample size and wide confidence intervals) and high risk of bias in the included studies.

Authors' conclusions: Whilst late commencement of PN in term and late preterm infants may have some benefits, the quality of the evidence was low and hence our confidence in the results is limited. Adequately powered RCTs, which evaluate short-term as well as long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, are needed.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

KM has no interests to declare. SR has no interests to declare. UR has no interests to declare. GJ has no interests to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Early PN versus Late PN, outcome: 1.1 In‐hospital all‐cause mortality.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Early PN versus Late PN, outcome: 1.2 Neonatal mortality (within 28 days of birth).
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Early PN versus Late PN, outcome: 1.5 Healthcare‐associated blood stream infection.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 1 In‐hospital all‐cause mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 2 Neonatal mortality (within 28 days of birth).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 3 Death during first week of admission.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 4 90‐day mortality.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 5 Healthcare‐associated blood stream infection.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 6 Healthcare‐associated infection (any type).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 7 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: Airway.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 8 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: Urinary tract.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 9 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: Central nervous system.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 10 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: Soft tissue.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 11 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: Others.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 12 Other types of hospital‐acquired infection: No focus identified.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 13 Duration of hospital stay.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 14 Duration of ICU stay.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 15 Duration of respiratory support (mechanical ventilation or CPAP or NIPPV).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 16 Duration of mechanical ventilation.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 17 Hypoglycaemia.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 18 Highest blood urea nitrogen levels during hospital stay.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 19 Z scores for weight at discharge.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Early PN versus Late PN, Outcome 20 Change to Z scores for weight from baseline.
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References

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