Traditional Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality in a Longitudinal Cohort of the Salus in Apulia Study

Abstract

There is still room for further studies analyzing the long-term health impact of specific dietary patterns observable in regions belonging to the Mediterranean area. The aim of the study is to evaluate how much a diet practiced in southern Italy is associated to a risk of mortality. The study population included 2472 participants first investigated in 1985, inquiring about their frequencies of intake of 29 foods using a self-administered questionnaire covering the previous year. The population was followed up for mortality until 31 December 2017. Cox-based risk modeling referred to single foods, food groups, the results of principal component analysis (PCA), and a priori indexes. Single food analysis revealed eggs, fatty meat, and fatty/baked ham to be inversely associated with mortality. Furthermore, one of the 5 PCA derived dietary patterns, the "Farmhouse" pattern, showed a higher hazard ratio (HR), mostly driven by dairy products. In subsequent analyses, the increased risk of mortality for fresh cheese and decreased risk for fatty ham and eggs were confirmed. The a priori diet indexes (Italian Meddiet, Meddietscore, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet (MIND) indexes) showed borderline inverse relationships. In a Mediterranean population with an overall healthy diet, foods such as eggs and fatty meat, reflecting dietary energy and wealth, played a role in prolonging the life of individuals. Our study confirms that some dairy products might have a detrimental role in mortality in the Mediterranean setting.

Keywords: apulia; dash index; food intake; healthy diet indexes; med-diet score; mind index.

Figure 1

First dietary pattern, “Energy-Rich Foods Pattern”, derived with principal component analysis.

Figure 2

Second dietary pattern “Farmhouse Diet” derived with principal component analysis.

Figure 3

Third dietary pattern, “Sweets Pattern”, derived with principal component analysis.

Figure 4

Fourth dietary pattern, “Winter Pattern”, derived with principal component analysis.

Figure 5

Fifth dietary pattern, “Elderly Pattern”, derived with principal component analysis

Figure 6

RSF, Importance score of predictor variables with covariates on all foods and olive oil with covariates on all foods and olive oil.