Retinoic Acid Signaling and Heart Development

Abstract

As the first organ to form and function in all vertebrates, the heart is crucial to development. Tightly-regulated levels of retinoic acid (RA) are critical for the establishment of the regulatory networks that drive normal cardiac development. Thus, the heart is an ideal organ to investigate RA signaling, with much work remaining to be done in this area. Herein, we highlight the role of RA signaling in vertebrate heart development and provide an overview of the field's inception, its current state, and in what directions it might progress so that it may yield fruitful insight for therapeutic applications within the domain of regenerative medicine.

Keywords: Atrial-ventricular patterning; Avian; Birds; Cardiac; Chick; Development; Embryogenesis; Heart; Mammals; Quail; Restriction of heart field specification; Retinoic acid; Signaling; Vertebrates; Zebrafish.