Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Apr 17;15(4):e0231955.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231955. eCollection 2020.

Resting state networks of the canine brain under sevoflurane anaesthesia

Katrin M Beckmann  1 , Adriano Wang-Leandro  2 , Matthias Dennler  2 , Ines Carrera  3 , Henning Richter  2 , Rima N Bektas  4 , Aline Steiner  4 , Sven Haller  5   6
Affiliations

Resting state networks of the canine brain under sevoflurane anaesthesia

Katrin M Beckmann et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an established technique in humans and reliably determines several resting state networks (RSNs) simultaneously. Limited data exist about RSN in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the RSNs in 10 healthy beagle dogs using a 3 tesla MRI scanner and subsequently perform group-level independent component analysis (ICA) to identify functionally connected brain networks. Rs-fMRI sequences were performed under steady state sevoflurane inhalation anaesthesia. Anaesthetic depth was titrated to the minimum level needed for immobilisation and mechanical ventilation of the patient. This required a sevoflurane MAC between 0.8 to 1.2. Group-level ICA dimensionality of 20 components revealed distributed sensory, motor and higher-order networks in the dogs' brain. We identified in total 7 RSNs (default mode, primary and higher order visual, auditory, two putative motor-somatosensory and one putative somatosensory), which are common to other mammals including humans. Identified RSN are remarkably similar to those identified in awake dogs. This study proves the feasibility of rs-fMRI in anesthetized dogs and describes several RSNs, which may set the basis for investigating pathophysiological characteristics of various canine brain diseases.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Schematic representation of the pre-processing of fMRI data.
The first two steps (converting DICOM to NIFTI-files, reorienting and cropping are identical to the pre-processing of the anatomical images and not shown in this figure).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Maps of healthy beagle dog obtained by means of group independent component analysis and registered on T1 group-specific template with red-yellow color encoding using a 3.5< Z-score threshold: 1a and 2–7 transverse and 1b sagittal.
Centre of the networks shown in the sagittal and dorsal view in the middle.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Comparison of generated RSNs of the present study with published RSNs in humans, both registered to T1W anatomical templates.
RSN 1: DMN; RSN 2: higher order visual; RSN 3: auditory; RSN 4: primary visual; RSN 5: somatosensory; RSN 6 and 7: sensorimotor. Images from human RSNs adapted from Smith et al., 2009 (RSNs 1–4 and 6–7) and Laird et al., 2013 (RSN 5).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Deco G, Jirsa VK, McIntosh AR. Emerging concepts for the dynamical organization of resting-state activity in the brain. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2011;12(1):43–56. 10.1038/nrn2961 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Huneau C, Benali H, Chabriat H. Investigating Human Neurovascular Coupling Using Functional Neuroimaging: A Critical Review of Dynamic Models. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2015;9:467 10.3389/fnins.2015.00467 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, Goldberg IE, Weisskoff RM, Poncelet BP, et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1992;89(12):5675–9. 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brown GG, Perthen JE, Liu TT, Buxton RB. A primer on functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychology review. 2007;17(2):107–25. 10.1007/s11065-007-9028-8 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lu H, Zou Q, Gu H, Raichle ME, Stein EA, Yang Y. Rat brains also have a default mode network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012;109(10):3979–84. 10.1073/pnas.1200506109 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources