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. 2020 Mar 30:2020:6528572.
doi: 10.1155/2020/6528572. eCollection 2020.

Coordination of Nanoconjugation with an Antigen/Antibody for Efficient Detection of Gynecological Tumors

Xinmei Liu  1 , Xinyuan Yang  2 , Juan Shao  1 , Yufeng Hong  3 , Subash C B Gopinath  4   5 , Yeng Chen  6 , Mang Chek Wey  7 , Yaru Wang  8
Affiliations

Coordination of Nanoconjugation with an Antigen/Antibody for Efficient Detection of Gynecological Tumors

Xinmei Liu et al. J Anal Methods Chem. .

Abstract

Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers are common in the female reproductive system. Cervical cancer starts from the cervix, while ovarian cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the ovary. Endometrial or uterine cancer starts from the lining of the womb in the endometrium. Approximately 12,000 women are affected every year by cervical cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is a well-established biomarker in serum for diagnosing gynecological cancers, and its levels were observed to be elevated in cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer patients. Moreover, SCC-Ag was used to identify the tumor size and progression stages. Various biosensing systems have been proposed to identify SCC-Ag; herein, enhanced interdigitated electrode sensing is presented with the use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to conjugate an antigen/antibody. It was proved that the limit of detection is 62.5 fM in the case of antibody-GNP, which is 2-fold higher than that by SCC-Ag-GNP. Furthermore, the antibody-GNP-modified surface displays greater current increases with concomitant dose-dependent SCC-Ag levels. High analytical performance was shown by the discrimination against α-fetoprotein and CYFRA 21-1 at 1 pM. An enhanced sensing system is established for gynecological tumors, representing an advance from the earlier detection methods.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the detection of SCC-Ag on the amine-modified IDE surface. (a) SCC-Ag-GNP detection on the SCC-Ag antibody-modified surface. The antibody was immobilized on the APTES-modified surface, and then, SCC-Ag-GNP interacted with the antibody. (b) SCC-Ag-antibody-GNP was immobilized on the APTES-modified surface, and then, SCC-Ag interacted on the surface, enabling its detection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of the antibody immobilization process on APTES-modified IDE sensing surfaces: (a) without GNP; (b) with GNP. Antibody-GNP-modified surfaces show greater changes in current increases than those without GNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Detection of 1 pM SCC-Ag by the methods: (a) SCC-Ag-GNP with the antibody; (b) SCC-Ag on the SCC-Ag-antibody-GNP surface.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Limit of SCC-Ag detection. (a) SCC-Ag-GNP at concentrations from 62.5 fM to 1 pM was detected with the antibody. (b) SCC-Ag at concentrations from 62.5 fM to 1 pM was detected on antibody-GNP surfaces. SCC-Ag-antibody-GNP-modified surfaces show a greater response of current at all concentrations of SCC-Ag tested.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Comparison of the difference in current changes with various concentrations of SCC-Ag. Methods of SCC-Ag-GNP on the antibody and SCC-Ag on SCC-Ag-antibody-GNP surfaces were considered. Both methods show significant changes in the current from 62.5 fM and saturated at 1 pM SCC-Ag. (b) Linear regression analysis for the interaction of different concentrations of SCC-Ag-GNP with ASC-Ag-antibody and SCC-Ag with SCC-Ag-antibody-GNP. The sensitivity was calculated based on 3σ as indicated. The calculated sensitivities are 125 and 62.5 fM for methods 1 and 2, respectively.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Spiking of SCC-Ag into human serum. SCC-Ag concentrations from 30 to 250 fM were spiked in human serum and detected by SCC-Ag-GNP. Apparent changes were noted in comparison with the condition of spiking into PBS.
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