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Comment
. 2020 May;69(5):859-861.
doi: 10.2337/dbi20-0005.

Apolipoprotein M and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate: A Potentially Antidiabetic Tandem Carried by HDL

Mustafa Yalcinkaya  1 , Arnold von Eckardstein  2
Affiliations
Comment

Apolipoprotein M and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate: A Potentially Antidiabetic Tandem Carried by HDL

Mustafa Yalcinkaya et al. Diabetes. 2020 May.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biogenesis of S1P and potential role of ApoM and S1P in diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. Ceramides are formed either by de novo synthesis or by degradation of sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids. Hydrolysis of the O-linked fatty acid by ceramidases yields sphingosine, which is phosphorylated into sphingosine S1P by sphingosine kinases 1 or 2 (SphK1/2). This phosphorylation can be reverted by S1P phosphatases 1 and 2 (SPP1/2). The intracellular S1P is effluxed by spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2). S1P-bound ApoM interacts with S1P receptors (S1PRs) to regulate various cellular functions. With respect to the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, these functions include the promotion of pancreatic β-cell survival and insulin secretion, inhibition of glucose production in the liver, enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hepatocytes and myocytes. Indirectly, S1P improves insulin sensitivity by suppressing inflammatory actions of macrophages. BAT, brown adipose tissue; pAkt, phosphorylated Akt; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; PGC1a, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α; SMase, sphingomyelinase; UCP2, mitochondrial uncoupled protein 2; WAT, white adipose tissue.
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