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. 2020 Apr 27;6(2):e18576.
doi: 10.2196/18576.

Surveillance of COVID-19 in the General Population Using an Online Questionnaire: Report From 18,161 Respondents in China

Hongxing Luo  1 , Yongchan Lie  2 , Frits W Prinzen  1
Affiliations

Surveillance of COVID-19 in the General Population Using an Online Questionnaire: Report From 18,161 Respondents in China

Hongxing Luo et al. JMIR Public Health Surveill. .

Abstract

Background: The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become an international pandemic. So far, little is known about the role of an internet approach in COVID-19 participatory surveillance.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether an online survey can provide population-level information for observing prevalence trends during the early phase of an outbreak and identifying potential risk factors of COVID-19 infection.

Methods: A 10-item online questionnaire was developed according to medical guidelines and relevant publications. It was distributed between January 24 and February 17, 2020. The characteristics of respondents and temporal changes of various questionnaire-derived indicators were analyzed.

Results: A total of 18,161 questionnaires were returned, including 6.45% (n=1171) from Wuhan City. Geographical distributions of the respondents were consistent with the population per province (R2=0.61, P<.001). History of contact significantly decreased with time, both outside Wuhan City (R2=0.35, P=.002) and outside Hubei Province (R2=0.42, P<.001). The percentage of respondents reporting a fever peaked around February 8 (R2=0.57, P<.001) and increased with a history of contact in the areas outside Wuhan City (risk ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.13-1.52, P<.001). Male sex, advanced age, and lung diseases were associated with a higher risk of fever in the general population with a history of contact.

Conclusions: This study shows the usefulness of an online questionnaire for the surveillance of outbreaks like COVID-19 by providing information about trends of the disease and aiding the identification of potential risk factors.

Keywords: COVID-19; Wuhan; coronavirus; online questionnaire; participatory surveillance; surveillance; syndromic surveillance.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A) Geographical distributions of questionnaire respondents in China. B) A positive correlation between the number of respondents and the size of the population of each province.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The geographic spread of the proportion of respondents reporting a history of contact in three phases of the COVID-19 outbreak (A, B, and C), and its time course in all regions outside Wuhan City and Hubei Province (D).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportion of respondents reporting a fever over time.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fever in various subgroups of respondents with history of contact.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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