Regulation of lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of triglycerides

Abstract

Purpose of review: To discuss the recent developments in structure, function and physiology of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and the regulators of LpL, which are being targeted for therapy.

Recent findings: Recent studies have revealed the long elusive crystal structure of LpL and its interaction with glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). New light has been shed on LpL being active as a monomer, which brings into questions previous thinking that LpL inhibitors like angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and stabilizers like LMF1 work on disrupting or maintaining LpL in dimer form. There is increasing pharmaceutical interest in developing targets to block LpL inhibitors like ANGPTL3. Other approaches to reducing circulating triglyceride levels have been using an apoC2 mimetic and reducing apoC3.

Summary: Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by LpL is a central event in lipid metabolism, releasing fatty acids for uptake by tissues and generating low-density lipoprotein and expanding high-density lipoprotein. Recent mechanistic insights into the structure and function of LpL have added to our understanding of triglyceride metabolism. This has also led to heightened interest in targeting its posttranslational regulators, which can be the next generation of lipid-lowering agents used to prevent hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis and, hopefully, cardiovascular disease.