Hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium improved blood glucose, liver enzymes and lipid profile compared to metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract

Background: Recent studies have reported that herbal extracts may have some protective effect against the complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract in comparison to metformin on liver damage, lipid abnormality, and glycemic control in diabetic rats.

Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups of 10 animals. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to 4 groups of rats. Three groups of diabetic rats were given 250 mg/kg/day metformin, 25 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract, or 100 mg/kg/day of this extract. Two non-diabetic groups were also given either 25 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium extract. Normal control and diabetic control rats received 1 mL/day of normal saline. Treatments were administered through oral gavage for 28 days. At the end, rats were anesthetized with ether and their serum samples were separated in order to measure blood glucose, serum total protein, lipids, and liver enzymes.

Results: There was a significant reduction in blood glucose, serum liver enzymes, triglycerides, and total- and LDL-cholesterol levels of the Achillea millefolium extract-treated groups compared to the other groups. In addition, there was a significant increment in body weight and HDL-cholesterol serum level in the Achillea millefolium-treated groups.

Conclusion: Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality, blood glucose and liver enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Future clinical studies are warranted to confirm our experimental findings in humans.

Keywords: Achillea millefolium; Blood glucose; Diabetes; Lipid profile; Liver enzymes.

Fig. 1

Evaluation of body weight in experimental groups. Con: healthy control group; A25: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group; A100: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group; DM: Diabetes mellitus group; DMM: Diabetes mellitus+metformin 250 mg/kg group, DMA25: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group, DMA100: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Fig. 2

Evaluation of fasting blood glucose in experimental groups. Con: healthy control group; A25: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group; A100: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group; DM: Diabetes mellitus group; DMM: Diabetes mellitus + metformin 250 mg/kg group, DMA25: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group, DMA100: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Fig. 3

Evaluation of liver enzymes in experimental groups. Graph a, b; Con: healthy control group; A25: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group; A100: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group; DM: Diabetes mellitus group; DMM: Diabetes mellitus + metformin 250 mg/kg group, DMA25: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group, DMA100: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group. *p < 0.05, Con vs.DM, DMM, DMA25, and DMA100 groups. †p < 0.05, DM vs. DMM, DMA25, and DMA100 groups. $ p < 0.05 DMA25 vs DMM and DMA100 groups. *p < 0.05, †p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, †††p < 0.001

Fig. 4

Evaluation of lipid profile in experimental groups. Graph a-d: Con: healthy control group; A25: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kggroup; A100: healthy Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group; DM: Diabetes mellitus group; DMM: Diabetes mellitus + metformin 250 mg/kg group, DMA25: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 25 mg/kg group, DMA100: Diabetes mellitus + Achillea millefolium extract 100 mg/kg group. *p < 0.05, Con vs.DM, DMM, DMA25, and DMA100 groups. †p < 0.05, DM vs. DMM, DMA25, and DMA100 groups. $ p < 0.05 DMA25 vs DMM and DMA100 groups. *p < 0.05, †p < 0.05, $ p < 0.05. **p < 0.01, ††p < 0.01, $$ p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001, †††p < 0.001