Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

Abstract

Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO₂ gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5 °C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.

Keywords: Climate; Climate change; Disease; Emerging and resurging pathogens; Global warming; Lyme; Malaria; Mosquitoes; Sandflies; Tick; Tick-borne diseases; Ticks; Vector; Vector ecology; West Nile; Zika; Zoonoses.

Fig. 1

Effect of climatic changes on emerging of infectious diseases

Fig. 2

Health hazard on human health due to climatic changes

Fig. 3

Events triggering the emergence of infectious diseases