. 2020 Aug;34(4):1017-1028.

doi: 10.1111/cobi.13495. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements

Michael J Noonan^{1

2}, Christen H Fleming^{1

2}, Marlee A Tucker^{3

4

5}, Roland Kays^{6

7}, Autumn-Lynn Harrison⁸, Margaret C Crofoot^{9

10}, Briana Abrahms¹¹, Susan C Alberts¹², Abdullahi H Ali¹³, Jeanne Altmann¹⁴, Pamela Castro Antunes¹⁵, Nina Attias¹⁶, Jerrold L Belant¹⁷, Dean E Beyer Jr¹⁸, Laura R Bidner^{9

19}, Niels Blaum²⁰, Randall B Boone^{21

22}, Damien Caillaud⁹, Rogerio Cunha de Paula²³, J Antonio de la Torre²⁴, Jasja Dekker²⁵, Christopher S DePerno⁷, Mohammad Farhadinia^{26

27}, Julian Fennessy²⁸, Claudia Fichtel²⁹, Christina Fischer³⁰, Adam Ford³¹, Jacob R Goheen³², Rasmus W Havmøller⁹, Ben T Hirsch³³, Cindy Hurtado^{34

35}, Lynne A Isbell^{9

19}, René Janssen³⁶, Florian Jeltsch²⁰, Petra Kaczensky^{37

38}, Yayoi Kaneko³⁹, Peter Kappeler²⁹, Anjan Katna^{40

41}, Matthew Kauffman⁴², Flavia Koch²⁹, Abhijeet Kulkarni⁴⁰, Scott LaPoint^{43

44}, Peter Leimgruber¹, David W Macdonald²⁶, A Catherine Markham⁴⁵, Laura McMahon⁴⁶, Katherine Mertes¹, Christopher E Moorman⁷, Ronaldo G Morato^{23

47}, Alexander M Moßbrucker⁴⁸, Guilherme Mourão⁴⁹, David O'Connor^{4

50

51}, Luiz Gustavo R Oliveira-Santos¹⁵, Jennifer Pastorini^{52

53}, Bruce D Patterson⁵⁴, Janet Rachlow⁵⁵, Dustin H Ranglack⁵⁶, Neil Reid⁵⁷, David M Scantlebury⁵⁸, Dawn M Scott⁵⁹, Nuria Selva⁶⁰, Agnieszka Sergiel⁶⁰, Melissa Songer¹, Nucharin Songsasen¹, Jared A Stabach¹, Jenna Stacy-Dawes⁵⁰, Morgan B Swingen^{7

61}, Jeffrey J Thompson^{62

63}, Wiebke Ullmann²⁰, Abi Tamim Vanak^{40

64

65}, Maria Thaker⁶⁶, John W Wilson⁶⁷, Koji Yamazaki^{68

69}, Richard W Yarnell⁷⁰, Filip Zieba⁷¹, Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica⁷¹, William F Fagan², Thomas Mueller^{3

4}, Justin M Calabrese^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, U.S.A.
² Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A.
³ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main), 60325, Germany.
⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt (Main), 60438, Germany.
⁵ Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, GL, NL-6500, The Netherlands.
⁶ North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Biodiversity Lab, Raleigh, NC, 27601, U.S.A.
⁷ Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A.
⁸ Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, D.C., 20013, U.S.A.
⁹ Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A.
¹⁰ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama.
¹¹ Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, 93940, U.S.A.
¹² Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, U.S.A.
¹³ Hirola Conservation Programme, Garissa, 1774-70100, Kenya.
¹⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A.
¹⁵ Department of Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
¹⁶ Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
¹⁷ Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, U.S.A.
¹⁸ Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1990 U.S. 41 South, Marquette, MI, 49855, U.S.A.
¹⁹ Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, 555-104000, Kenya.
²⁰ University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
²¹ Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A.
²² Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A.
²³ National Research Center for Carnivores Conservation, Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600, Atibaia, SP, 12952-011, Brazil.
²⁴ Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico and CONACyT, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., 04318, Mexico.
²⁵ Jasja Dekker Dierecologie, Enkhuizenstraat 26, Arnhem, WZ, 6843, The Netherlands.
²⁶ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX13 5QL, U.K.
²⁷ Future4Leopards Foundation, Tehran, Iran.
²⁸ Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Windhoek, Namibia.
²⁹ German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
³⁰ Restoration Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 6, Freising, 85354, Germany.
³¹ The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2: Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, SCI 109, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
³² Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, U.S.A.
³³ Zoology and Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
³⁴ Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15072, Peru.
³⁵ Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
³⁶ Bionet Natuuronderzoek, Valderstraat 39, Stein, 6171EL, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, Sluppen, Trondheim, NO-7485, Norway.
³⁸ Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, A-1160, Austria.
³⁹ Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
⁴⁰ Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India.
⁴¹ Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
⁴² U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, U.S.A.
⁴³ Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, D-78315, Germany.
⁴⁴ Black Rock Forest, 65 Reservoir Road, Cornwall, NY, 12518, U.S.A.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A.
⁴⁶ Office of Applied Science, Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, U.S.A.
⁴⁷ Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores - Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, Sao Paulo, 12945-010, Brazil.
⁴⁸ Frankfurt Zoological Society, Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1, Frankfurt, 60316, Germany.
⁴⁹ Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de setembro 1880, Corumb´a, MS, 79320-900, Brazil.
⁵⁰ San Diego Zoo Institute of Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A.
⁵¹ National Geographic Partners, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20036, U.S.A.
⁵² Centre for Conservation and Research, 26/7 C2 Road, Kodigahawewa, Julpallama, Tissamaharama, 82600, Sri Lanka.
⁵³ Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
⁵⁴ Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A.
⁵⁵ Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, U.S.A.
⁵⁶ Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849, U.S.A.
⁵⁷ Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, U.K.
⁵⁸ School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, U.K.
⁵⁹ School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
⁶⁰ Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, Krakow, 31-120, Poland.
⁶¹ 1854 Treaty Authority, 4428 Haines Road, Duluth, MN, 55811, U.S.A.
⁶² Asociación Guyra Paraguay - CONACYT, Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde, Asuncion, 1101, Paraguay.
⁶³ Instituto Saite, Coronel Felix Cabrera 166, Asuncion, 1101, Paraguay.
⁶⁴ Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, Hyderabad, 500034, India.
⁶⁵ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
⁶⁶ Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
⁶⁷ Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
⁶⁸ Ibaraki Nature Museum, Zoological Laboratory, 700 Osaki, Bando-city, Ibaraki, 306-0622, Japan.
⁶⁹ Forest Ecology Laboratory, Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
⁷⁰ School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, U.K.
⁷¹ Tatra National Park, Kúznice 1, Zakopane, 34-500, Poland.

PMID: 32362060
PMCID: PMC7496598
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13495

Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements

Michael J Noonan et al. Conserv Biol. 2020 Aug.

. 2020 Aug;34(4):1017-1028.

doi: 10.1111/cobi.13495. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, U.S.A.
² Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A.
³ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main), 60325, Germany.
⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt (Main), 60438, Germany.
⁵ Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, GL, NL-6500, The Netherlands.
⁶ North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Biodiversity Lab, Raleigh, NC, 27601, U.S.A.
⁷ Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A.
⁸ Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, D.C., 20013, U.S.A.
⁹ Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A.
¹⁰ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama.
¹¹ Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, 93940, U.S.A.
¹² Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, U.S.A.
¹³ Hirola Conservation Programme, Garissa, 1774-70100, Kenya.
¹⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A.
¹⁵ Department of Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
¹⁶ Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
¹⁷ Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, U.S.A.
¹⁸ Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1990 U.S. 41 South, Marquette, MI, 49855, U.S.A.
¹⁹ Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, 555-104000, Kenya.
²⁰ University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
²¹ Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A.
²² Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A.
²³ National Research Center for Carnivores Conservation, Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600, Atibaia, SP, 12952-011, Brazil.
²⁴ Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico and CONACyT, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., 04318, Mexico.
²⁵ Jasja Dekker Dierecologie, Enkhuizenstraat 26, Arnhem, WZ, 6843, The Netherlands.
²⁶ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX13 5QL, U.K.
²⁷ Future4Leopards Foundation, Tehran, Iran.
²⁸ Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Windhoek, Namibia.
²⁹ German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
³⁰ Restoration Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 6, Freising, 85354, Germany.
³¹ The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2: Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, SCI 109, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
³² Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, U.S.A.
³³ Zoology and Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
³⁴ Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15072, Peru.
³⁵ Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
³⁶ Bionet Natuuronderzoek, Valderstraat 39, Stein, 6171EL, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, Sluppen, Trondheim, NO-7485, Norway.
³⁸ Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, A-1160, Austria.
³⁹ Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
⁴⁰ Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India.
⁴¹ Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
⁴² U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, U.S.A.
⁴³ Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, D-78315, Germany.
⁴⁴ Black Rock Forest, 65 Reservoir Road, Cornwall, NY, 12518, U.S.A.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A.
⁴⁶ Office of Applied Science, Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, U.S.A.
⁴⁷ Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores - Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, Sao Paulo, 12945-010, Brazil.
⁴⁸ Frankfurt Zoological Society, Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1, Frankfurt, 60316, Germany.
⁴⁹ Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de setembro 1880, Corumb´a, MS, 79320-900, Brazil.
⁵⁰ San Diego Zoo Institute of Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A.
⁵¹ National Geographic Partners, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20036, U.S.A.
⁵² Centre for Conservation and Research, 26/7 C2 Road, Kodigahawewa, Julpallama, Tissamaharama, 82600, Sri Lanka.
⁵³ Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
⁵⁴ Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A.
⁵⁵ Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, U.S.A.
⁵⁶ Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849, U.S.A.
⁵⁷ Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, U.K.
⁵⁸ School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, U.K.
⁵⁹ School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
⁶⁰ Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, Krakow, 31-120, Poland.
⁶¹ 1854 Treaty Authority, 4428 Haines Road, Duluth, MN, 55811, U.S.A.
⁶² Asociación Guyra Paraguay - CONACYT, Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde, Asuncion, 1101, Paraguay.
⁶³ Instituto Saite, Coronel Felix Cabrera 166, Asuncion, 1101, Paraguay.
⁶⁴ Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, Hyderabad, 500034, India.
⁶⁵ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
⁶⁶ Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
⁶⁷ Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
⁶⁸ Ibaraki Nature Museum, Zoological Laboratory, 700 Osaki, Bando-city, Ibaraki, 306-0622, Japan.
⁶⁹ Forest Ecology Laboratory, Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
⁷⁰ School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, U.K.
⁷¹ Tatra National Park, Kúznice 1, Zakopane, 34-500, Poland.

PMID: 32362060
PMCID: PMC7496598
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13495

Abstract
in English, Spanish, Chinese

Accurately quantifying species' area requirements is a prerequisite for effective area-based conservation. This typically involves collecting tracking data on species of interest and then conducting home-range analyses. Problematically, autocorrelation in tracking data can result in space needs being severely underestimated. Based on the previous work, we hypothesized the magnitude of underestimation varies with body mass, a relationship that could have serious conservation implications. To evaluate this hypothesis for terrestrial mammals, we estimated home-range areas with global positioning system (GPS) locations from 757 individuals across 61 globally distributed mammalian species with body masses ranging from 0.4 to 4000 kg. We then applied block cross-validation to quantify bias in empirical home-range estimates. Area requirements of mammals <10 kg were underestimated by a mean approximately15%, and species weighing approximately100 kg were underestimated by approximately50% on average. Thus, we found area estimation was subject to autocorrelation-induced bias that was worse for large species. Combined with the fact that extinction risk increases as body mass increases, the allometric scaling of bias we observed suggests the most threatened species are also likely to be those with the least accurate home-range estimates. As a correction, we tested whether data thinning or autocorrelation-informed home-range estimation minimized the scaling effect of autocorrelation on area estimates. Data thinning required an approximately93% data loss to achieve statistical independence with 95% confidence and was, therefore, not a viable solution. In contrast, autocorrelation-informed home-range estimation resulted in consistently accurate estimates irrespective of mass. When relating body mass to home range size, we detected that correcting for autocorrelation resulted in a scaling exponent significantly >1, meaning the scaling of the relationship changed substantially at the upper end of the mass spectrum.

Efectos del Tamaño Corporal sobre la Estimación de los Requerimientos de Área de Mamíferos Resumen La cuantificación precisa de los requerimientos de área de una especie es un prerrequisito para que la conservación basada en áreas sea efectiva. Esto comúnmente implica la recolección de datos de rastreo de la especie de interés para después realizar análisis de la distribución local. De manera problemática, la autocorrelación en los datos de rastreo puede resultar en una subestimación grave de las necesidades de espacio. Con base en trabajos previos, formulamos una hipótesis en la que supusimos que la magnitud de la subestimación varía con la masa corporal, una relación que podría tener implicaciones serias para la conservación. Para probar esta hipótesis en mamíferos terrestres, estimamos las áreas de distribución local con las ubicaciones en GPS de 757 individuos de 61 especies de mamíferos distribuidas mundialmente con una masa corporal entre 0.4 y 4,000 kg. Después aplicamos una validación cruzada en bloque para cuantificar el sesgo en estimaciones empíricas de la distribución local. Los requerimientos de área de los mamíferos <10 kg fueron subestimados por una media ∼15% y las especies con una masa ∼100 kg fueron subestimadas en ∼50% en promedio. Por lo tanto, encontramos que la estimación del área estaba sujeta al sesgo inducido por la autocorrelación, el cual era peor para las especies de talla grande. En combinación con el hecho de que el riesgo de extinción incrementa conforme aumenta la masa corporal, el escalamiento alométrico del sesgo que observamos sugiere que la mayoría de las especies amenazadas también tienen la probabilidad de ser aquellas especies con las estimaciones de distribución local menos acertadas. Como corrección, probamos si la reducción de datos o la estimación de la distribución local informada por la autocorrelación minimizan el efecto de escalamiento que tiene la autocorrelación sobre las estimaciones de área. La reducción de datos requirió una pérdida de datos del ∼93% para lograr la independencia estadística con un 95% de confianza y por lo tanto no fue una solución viable. Al contrario, la estimación de la distribución local informada por la autocorrelación resultó en estimaciones constantemente precisas sin importar la masa corporal. Cuando relacionamos la masa corporal con el tamaño de la distribución local, detectamos que la corrección de la autocorrelación resultó en un exponente de escalamiento significativamente >1, lo que significa que el escalamiento de la relación cambió sustancialmente en el extremo superior del espectro de la masa corporal.

准确量化物种的栖息面积需求是开展有效区域保护的先决条件, 这一般包括收集目标物种的跟踪数据并进行家域分析。然而, 跟踪数据中的自相关性可能导致严重低估动物的空间需求。基于已有研究, 我们假设低估程度会随体重变化而变化, 这种关系可能对保护产生严重影响。为了评估陆生哺乳动物是否符合这一假设, 我们利用体重在 0.4 到 4000 千克之间的61种全球分布哺乳动物的 757 个个体的全球定位系统 (GPS) 定位数据, 估计了它们的家域范围。接下来, 我们应用分块交叉验证定量分析了家域经验估计的偏差。结果显示, 体重小于 10 千克的哺乳动物的面积需求平均被低估了约 15%, 体重在100千克左右的物种平均被低估约 50% 。因此, 我们指出面积估计受到自相关引起偏差的影响, 且这种偏差对大型物种来说更为严重。考虑到物种灭绝风险随体重增加而增加这一事实, 我们观察到的偏差异速增长标度表明, 对最受威胁物种的家域估计可能也最不准确。为了修正这一偏差, 我们测试了数据抽稀和考虑自相关的家域估计是否能最大程度减少自相关对面积估计的尺度效应。数据抽稀需要丢弃约 93% 的数据才能达到 95% 置信的统计独立性, 因此该方法不可行。比较起来, 考虑自相关的家域估计始终可以获得准确估计, 而与动物体型无关。当将体重与家域大小联系起来时, 我们发现校正自相关会导致标度指数显著大于1, 这意味着相关关系的标度在体型最大的物种中发生了显著的变化。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

Keywords: allometry; alometría; animal movement; area-based conservation; autocorrelación; autocorrelation; conservación basada en áreas; diseño de reserva; distribución local; escalamiento; estimación de densidad del núcleo; home range; kernel density estimation; movimiento de mamíferos; reserve design; scaling; 保护区设计; 动物移动; 区域保护; 家域; 异速增长; 标度; 核密度估计; 自相关.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Distribution of study sites for the empirical global positioning system tracking data set spanning 757 individuals across 61 mammalian species.

**Figure 2**
Cross‐validation of conventional kernel density estimation (KDE) across the mammalian body‐mass spectrum: (a) percentage of locations from the second half of the data (held‐out set) included in KDE 50% home ranges estimated from the first half of the data (training set) as a function of body mass (dashed line, target 50% quantile; solid line, phylogenetically controlled regression model fit to cross‐validation results; shading, 95% CI of the fit) and (b) regression model describing the accuracy of 95% KDE area estimates across the mass spectrum. Accuracy was quantified as the ratio between estimated 95% area of the training set and the area contained within the contour that encompassed 95% of locations in the held‐out set. The horizontal dashed line represents an unbiased area estimate. The x‐axes in are log scaled.

**Figure 3**
Mechanisms driving body‐size‐dependent estimation bias: (a) positive allometry of home‐range areas, (b) correlation between home‐range area and range‐crossing time (*τ_p*), (c) negative correlation between *τ_p* and effective sample size (N _area) governed by duration of observation period (T) and *τ_p* such that N _area $\approx$ T/*τ_p*, and (d) resulting negative allometry of N _area (axes, log scaled; lines, phylogenetically controlled fitted regression models). From (a) to (d), 1 axis is preserved from the previous panel to demonstrate the inherent link between each of these relationships (arrows, visual aid of link; top‐left arrow, end of the chain).

**Figure 4**
Frequency of amounts of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the full tracking data sets for each of the 757 individuals used to estimate home ranges via conventional kernel density estimation (KDE), compared with the thinned data sets for individuals for which sufficient data remained after thinning to apply KDE.

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Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements

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Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements

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in English, Spanish, Chinese