Isolation and characterization of 30 STRs in Temminck's ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) and potential for cross amplification in other African species

Abstract

Temminck's ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) is one of four species of pangolin, endemic to Africa. Two of the African pangolin species are listed as vulnerable and two are listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species due to their ongoing exploitation for traditional medicine and bushmeat. In this study, we developed 30 species-specific short-tandem repeats (STRs) in Temminck's ground pangolin using next-generation sequencing. The markers were also optimized for crossamplification in other African species. All the markers amplified successfully in Temminck's ground pangolin with allelic polymorphisms observed in 87% of the markers in giant pangolin (S. gigantea) whereas 60% of the markers were amplified polymorphic loci in both whitebellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) and black-bellied pangolin (P. tetradactyla). Analysis of diversity estimates showed moderate levels of variability in Temminck's ground pangolin (N_a = 5; H_o = 0.559), giant pangolin (N_a = 4.909; H_o = 0.514) and white-bellied pangolin (N_a= 2.686; H_o = 0.541) with lower values being observed in black-bellied pangolin (N_a = 3; H_o = 0.242). This study provides data of the first available STR markers which was amplified in all four African pangolin species that can now be used in conservation genetic and evolutionary aspects of population histories.