Evaluation of the Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Depressed Patients in China

doi:10.2147/NDT.S241766

. 2020 Apr 17:16:993-1001.

doi: 10.2147/NDT.S241766. eCollection 2020.

Evaluation of the Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Depressed Patients in China

Long Zhen^{1

2}, Gang Wang¹, Gailing Xu², Le Xiao¹, Lei Feng¹, Xu Chen¹, Man Liu¹, Xuequan Zhu¹

Affiliations

¹ The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China.
² Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.

PMID: 32368061
PMCID: PMC7173799
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S241766

Evaluation of the Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Depressed Patients in China

Long Zhen et al. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020.

. 2020 Apr 17:16:993-1001.

doi: 10.2147/NDT.S241766. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Long Zhen^{1

2}, Gang Wang¹, Gailing Xu², Le Xiao¹, Lei Feng¹, Xu Chen¹, Man Liu¹, Xuequan Zhu¹

Affiliations

¹ The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China.
² Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.

PMID: 32368061
PMCID: PMC7173799
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S241766

Abstract

Purpose: Smartphone-based questionnaires have advantages compared with their paper versions, but there is a lack of consistent research on depressive disorder questionnaires. This study aimed to assess the equivalence between the paper and smartphone versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for patients with depressive disorders in psychiatric hospitals in China.

Patients and methods: This was a randomized crossover study of 110 depressed patients recruited from the outpatient department of Beijing Anding Hospital from March 2016 to September 2018. Group 1 completed both the QIDS-SR16 and PHQ-9 in paper format and then completed the smartphone version 1-2 h later. Group 2 completed the scales in the reverse order. Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The expected ICC was 0.9 (α=0.05).

Results: The overall ICC score of the QIDS-SR16 paper and smartphone versions was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.861-0.934), and the ICCs of each item ranged from 0.769 to 0.923. The overall ICC score of the PHQ-9 paper and smartphone versions was 0.951 (95% CI: 0.929-0.967), and the ICCs of each item ranged from 0.779 to 0.914.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the PHQ-9 and QIDS-SR16 in depressed patients in China.

Keywords: depressive disorder; equivalence; intraclass correlation coefficient; questionnaires; smartphone.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Cited by

Relationship Between Negative Emotions and Job Burnout in Medical Staff During the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19 Epidemic: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience.
Chen Y, Zhang L, Qi H, You W, Nie C, Ye L, Xu P. Chen Y, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Jun 22;13:857134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.857134. eCollection 2022. Front Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 35815046 Free PMC article.
Differences in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress Scores between Smartphone Version versus Paper Version Administration: Evidence of Equivalence.
Hirao K, Takahashi H, Kuroda N, Uchida H, Tsuchiya K, Kikuchi S. Hirao K, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 8;20(6):4773. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064773. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36981682 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Comparison of Residual Depressive Symptoms, Functioning, and Quality of Life Between Patients with Recurrent Depression and First Episode Depression After Acute Treatment in China.
Zu S, Wang D, Fang J, Xiao L, Zhu X, Wu W, Wang G, Hu Y. Zu S, et al. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021 Oct 1;17:3039-3051. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S317770. eCollection 2021. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021. PMID: 34629870 Free PMC article.
Evolving role of the internet in China as a medium for promoting psychological well-being and mental health: a scoping review.
Zhu Y, Sun L, Guan S, Li R, Yang J, Cao Y, Zhang L, Li T, Zhang H, Bueber M, Hall BJ, Phillips MR, Li C. Zhu Y, et al. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2025 Mar 19;56:101515. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101515. eCollection 2025 Mar. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2025. PMID: 40226776 Free PMC article. Review.
Factors influencing the tendency of residual symptoms in patients with depressive disorders: a longitudinal study.
Li Y, Wang D, Fang J, Zu S, Xiao L, Zhu X, Wang G, Hu Y. Li Y, et al. BMC Psychiatry. 2024 Aug 13;24(1):557. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-05915-9. BMC Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 39138456 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al. Major depressive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):16065. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 - DOI - PubMed
1. Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Qin X, Wang S, Hsieh CR. The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among adults in China: estimation based on a National Household Survey. China Economic Rev. 2018;51:271–282. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.04.001 - DOI
1. Liu J, Xiang YT, Wang G, et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology - clinician rating (C-QIDS-C) and self-report (C-QIDS-SR). J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):421–424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.035 - DOI - PubMed
1. Liu J, Xiang YT, Lei H, et al. Guidance on the conversion of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology-self-report (C-QIDS-SR) and the montgomery-asberg scale (C-MADRS) in Chinese patients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:530–533. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.023 - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

[1] Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al. Major depressive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):16065. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 - DOI - PubMed

[2] Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al. Major depressive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):16065. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 - DOI - PubMed

[3] Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Qin X, Wang S, Hsieh CR. The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among adults in China: estimation based on a National Household Survey. China Economic Rev. 2018;51:271–282. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.04.001 - DOI

[6] Qin X, Wang S, Hsieh CR. The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among adults in China: estimation based on a National Household Survey. China Economic Rev. 2018;51:271–282. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.04.001 - DOI

[7] Liu J, Xiang YT, Wang G, et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology - clinician rating (C-QIDS-C) and self-report (C-QIDS-SR). J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):421–424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.035 - DOI - PubMed

[8] Liu J, Xiang YT, Wang G, et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology - clinician rating (C-QIDS-C) and self-report (C-QIDS-SR). J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):421–424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.035 - DOI - PubMed

[9] Liu J, Xiang YT, Lei H, et al. Guidance on the conversion of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology-self-report (C-QIDS-SR) and the montgomery-asberg scale (C-MADRS) in Chinese patients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:530–533. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.023 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Liu J, Xiang YT, Lei H, et al. Guidance on the conversion of the Chinese versions of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology-self-report (C-QIDS-SR) and the montgomery-asberg scale (C-MADRS) in Chinese patients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:530–533. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.023 - DOI - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Evaluation of the Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Depressed Patients in China

Affiliations

Evaluation of the Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Depressed Patients in China

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources