Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Apr 17:13:3237-3245.
doi: 10.2147/OTT.S242763. eCollection 2020.

Grainyhead-Like Genes Family May Act as Novel Biomarkers in Colon Cancer

Minchi Yuan  1 , Jianping Wang  2 , Fazhuang Fang  3
Affiliations

Grainyhead-Like Genes Family May Act as Novel Biomarkers in Colon Cancer

Minchi Yuan et al. Onco Targets Ther. .

Abstract

Objective: The Grainyhead-like (GRHL) genes family were reported to participate in the development of a number of diseases. This study was designed to investigate the role of GRHL genes family in colon cancer (CC).

Methods: In this study, the transcriptional levels of GRHL genes family in patients with CC from GEPIA were explored. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical data of the GRHL genes family were also obtained in the HPA database. Additionally, we re-identified the mRNA of these genes via real-time PCR. Furthermore, the association between the levels of GRHL genes and stage plot as well as survival condition including overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with CC was analyzed. Finally, by transfecting with specific-siRNA, clone formation assay was performed to observe the role of GRHL genes family in the proliferation of SW480 human colon cancer cells.

Results: We found that the mRNA and protein levels of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 were significantly higher in CC tissues than in normal colon tissues. Additionally, GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 were significantly associated with the stages of CC. The Kaplan-Meier plotter showed that the low levels of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 conferred a better overall survival of patients with CC while the high levels of GRHL1 and GRHL3 were associated with poor disease-free survival. Knockdown of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRH L3 siHgnificantly inhibited the ability of colony formation of human colon cancer cells.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that GRHL genes are involved in the prognosis and survival in patients with CC, the inhibition of which may suppress the proliferation of colon cancer cells.

Keywords: Grainyhead-like genes family; bioinformatics; biomarkers; colon cancer; prognosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The mRNA expression level of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 (A) GRHL1; (B) GRHL2; (C) GRHL3. *P < 0.05 versus the tumor tissue.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The immunohistochemical staining of GRHL genes in carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues in patients with CC obtained from HPA database.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The relationship between the level of GRHL genes and tumor stages in patients with CC. (A) GRHL1; (B) GRHL2; (C) GRHL3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The relationship between the level of GRHL genes and overall survival (A–C) as well as disease free survival (D–F) in patients with CC; P (HR) < 0.05 versus the low GRHL TPM.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Re-identification of GRHL genes expression of carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues from patients diagnosed with CC using real-time PCR. *P < 0.05 versus the carcinoma group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Knockdown of GRHL genes reduces proliferation of human SW 480 CC cells. (A) The representative Western blot images in indicated groups. (B) The OD540 of different groups at different time points using CCK8 assay. (C) Colony formation images in indicated groups. P < 0.05 versus the si-NC group.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Watanabe T, Itabashi M, Shimada Y, et al. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2015;20(2):207–239. doi:10.1007/s10147-015-0801-z - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dorbeau M, Bazille C, Bibeau F. Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2017;11:117–118. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tesniere A, Schlemmer F, Boige V, et al. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin. Oncogene. 2016;29:482–491. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.356 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Eriksen AC, Andersen JB, Lindebjerg J, et al. Does heterogeneity matter in the estimation of tumour budding and tumour stroma ratio in colon cancer? Diagn Pathol. 2018;13:20. doi:10.1186/s13000-018-0697-9 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kitano S, Kitano S, Inomata M, et al. Survival outcomes following laparoscopic versus open D3 dissection for stage II or III colon cancer (JCOG0404): a Phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:261. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30207-2 - DOI - PubMed