Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2020 Apr 23;6(4):e03765.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03765. eCollection 2020 Apr.

Environmentally sustainable processes for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite

N I Agbeboh  1   2 , I O Oladele  1 , O O Daramola  1   3 , A A Adediran  4 , O O Olasukanmi  5 , M O Tanimola  6
Affiliations
Review

Environmentally sustainable processes for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite

N I Agbeboh et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Hard tissue regeneration and regrowth have continued to be a challenge in the field of conventional medicine in this 21st century. Over the years, the regrowth of broken bones and diseased hard tissue has remained a major concern in medical research. Since the discovery of hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic compound that possesses the ability to activate bone regrowth and bond directly with regenerated bone, it has subsequently become an indispensable biomaterial. Currently, it is being used across the medical fields due to its exceptional biocompatibility. This became plausible because the main mineral phase of mammalian bones is HA. It has found application in various medical fields like medical instruments, drug delivery, bone and tooth fillers, prosthetics, orthotics, and in-vitro implants. As the importance of HA geometrically increases, it is necessary to critically evaluate and propose the most economic process of synthesizing and manufacturing this important bioceramic material. This review, therefore, highlights the different sources of HA and the synthesis/production methods for each source with a strong emphasis on the environment. Thus, the appraisal was carried out based on the properties of the derived HA. Such properties include but are not limited to geometry, particle size, morphology, thermal stability, and stoichiometry to suggest the most economic and environmentally sustainable sources and processing routes.

Keywords: Bioceramics; Biocomposites; Biomaterials; Biomedical engineering; Environmental impact assessment; Hard tissue regeneration; Hydroxyapatite; In-vitro implants; Materials chemistry; Materials science; Osteoinductive; Pollution control; Prosthesis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A phase diagram of the calcium phosphate system spectrum.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Different sources of HA with their preparation and synthesis routes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Plant sources of Hydroxyapatite.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Bovine bones (animal source of hydroxyapatite).
Figure 5
Figure 5
XRD pattern of Synthesized HA.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Snail shells (Biogenic Source of Hydroxyapatite).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Akram M., Ahmed R., Shakir I. Extracting hydroxyapatite and its precursors from natural resources. J. Mater. Sci. 2014;49(4):1461‒1475.
    1. Angervall L., Berger S., Röckert H. A microradiographic and X-ray crystallographic study of calcium in the pineal body and in intracranial tumours. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 2009;44(2):113–119. - PubMed
    1. Anthony J., Bideaux R., Bladh K., Nichols M. Mineralogical Society of America; Chantilly, VA, US: 2000. “Hydroxylapatite,” Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates)
    1. Antonietti M., Breulmann M., Göltner C.G., Cölfen H., Wong K.K.W., Walsh D., Mann S. Inorganic/organic mesostructures with complex architectures: precipitation of calcium phosphate in the presence of double-hydrophilic block copolymers. Chem. Eur J. 1998;4:2493–2500.
    1. Ağaoğullari D., Kel D., Gökçe H., Duman I., Öveçoglu M.L., Akarsubaşi A.T., Bilgic D., Oktard F.N. Bioceramic production from sea urchins. Act. Phy. Pol. A. 2012;121:23.