Understanding Non-P2 Mitral Regurgitation Using Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography: Characterization and Factors Leading to Underestimation

Abstract

Background: P2 prolapse is a common cause of degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR); echocardiographic characteristics of non-P2 prolapse are less known. Because of the eccentric nature of degenerative MR jets, the evaluation of MR severity is challenging. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) the percentage of severe MR determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) would be lower compared with that determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with non-P2 prolapse and also in a subgroup with "horizontal MR" (a horizontal jet seen on TTE that hugs the leaflets without reaching the atrial wall, particularly found in non-P2 prolapse) and (2) the directions of MR jets between TTE and real-time (RT) three-dimensional (3D) TEE would be discordant.

Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with moderate to severe and severe degenerative MR defined by TEE were studied. The percentage of severe MR between TTE and TEE was compared in P2 and non-P2 prolapse groups and in horizontal and nonhorizontal MR groups. Additionally, differences in the directions of the MR jets between TTE and RT 3D TEE were assessed.

Results: Eighty-six percent of patients had severe MR according to TEE. TTE underestimated severe MR in the non-P2 group (severe MR on TTE, 57%; severe MR on TEE, 85%; P < .001) but not in the P2 group (severe MR on TTE, 79%; severe MR on TEE, 91%; P = .157). Most "horizontal" MR jets were found in the non-P2 group (85%), and this subgroup showed even more underestimation of severe MR on TTE (TTE, 22%; TEE, 89%; P < .001). There was discordance in MR jet direction between two-dimensional TTE and RT 3D TEE in 41% of patients.

Conclusions: Non-P2 and "horizontal" MR are significantly underestimated on TTE compared with TEE. There is substantial discordance in the direction of the MR jet between RT 3D TEE and TTE. Therefore, TEE should be considered when these subgroups of MR are observed on TTE.

Keywords: Degenerative mitral regurgitation; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve prolapse; Three-dimensional echocardiography; Transesophageal echocardiography.