Cascade Reaction-Based Chemiresistive Array for Ethylene Sensing

Abstract

Chemiresistive sensors, which are based on semiconducting materials, offer real-time monitoring of environment. However, detection of nonpolar chemical substances is often challenging because of the weakness of the doping effect. Herein, we report a concept of combining a cascade reaction (CR) and a chemiresistive sensor array for sensitive and selective detection of a target analyte (herein, ethylene in air). Ethylene was converted to acetaldehyde through a Pd-catalyzed heterogeneous Wacker reaction at 40 °C, followed by condensation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to emit HCl vapor. HCl works as a strong dopant for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), enabling the main sensor to detect ethylene with excellent sensitivity (10.9% ppm^-1) and limit of detection (0.2 ppm) in 5 min. False responses that occur in the main sensor are easily discriminated by reference sensors that partially employ CR. Moreover, though the sensor monitors the variation of normalized electric resistance (ΔR/R₀) in the SWCNT network, temporary deactivation of CR yields a sensor system that does not require analyte-free air for a baseline correction (i.e., estimation of R₀) and recovery of response. The concept presented here is generally applicable and offers a solution for several issues that are inherently present in chemiresistive sensing systems.

Keywords: Pd catalysts; Wacker reaction; carbon nanotubes; cascade reactions; chemiresistors; ethylene; gas sensors.