Accurate Regulating of Visible-Light Absorption in Polyoxotitanate-Calix[8]arene Systems by Ligand Modification

Abstract

With use of a macrocyclic polyphenol, tert-butylcalix[8]arene (TBC[8]), as ligands, a series of TBC[8]-stabilized {Ti₄O₂}clusters, containing penta- and hexacoordinated Ti centers, were synthesized. Such complexes are "core-shell" shaped containing a {Ti₄O₂} core arranged in a zigzag fashion. While outer walls of the clusters are decorated by deprotonated TBC[8], their upper and lower surfaces can be modified by various O- or N-donor ligands, and the ratio of the penta- and hexacoordinated Ti(IV) centers in the {Ti₄O₂} core can be precisely regulated from 4:0, to 3:1, to 2:2, to 1:3, and finally to 0:4. The combined coordination of different ligands in the axial direction shows significant influence on the adsorption of the TBC[8]-Ti₄ system in the visible-light region, and their absorption edge can be precisely regulated from 600 to 700 nm. The above structural functionalization in the TBC[8]-Ti₄ system also tunes their photocatalytic H₂ production activities and oxidative desulfurization ability. Thus, for the first time, by confining the polyoxotitanium cluster in macrocyclic molecules, we provide an example of understanding the structure-property relationship of titanium-oxygen materials by ligand modification.