Carbonyl Cytotoxicity Affects Plant Cellular Processes and Detoxifying Enzymes Scavenge These Compounds to Improve Stress Tolerance

Abstract

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in environmental stresses and prevails over the cellular metabolic and phenotypic responses in plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under stress affect macromolecules to form another group of toxic compounds called reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs). These molecules have a longer half-life than ROS and cause carbonyl stress that affects cellular metabolism, cellular homeostasis, and crop productivity. The later effect of oxidative stress in terms of the generation of RCCs and glycation products and their effects on plant processes have not been explored well in plant biology. Therefore, how these molecules are produced and a few important effects of RCCs on plants have been discussed in this review article. Further, the plant adaptive detoxification mechanisms of RCCs have been discussed. The enzymes that were identified in plants to detoxify these cytotoxic compounds have broad substrate specificity and the potential for use in breeding programs. The review should provide a comprehensive understanding of the cytotoxic compounds beyond ROS and subsequently their mitigation strategies for crop improvement programs.

Keywords: RCCs; ROS; carbonyl stress; cytotoxic stress; detoxifying enzymes; glycation.