Targeting the Dimerization of the Main Protease of Coronaviruses: A Potential Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Strategy

Abstract

A new coronavirus (CoV) caused a pandemic named COVID-19, which has become a global health care emergency in the present time. The virus is referred to as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) and has a genome similar (∼82%) to that of the previously known SARS-CoV (SARS coronavirus). An attractive therapeutic target for CoVs is the main protease (M^pro) or 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CL^pro), as this enzyme plays a key role in polyprotein processing and is active in a dimeric form. Further, M^pro is highly conserved among various CoVs, and a mutation in M^pro is often lethal to the virus. Thus, drugs targeting the M^pro enzyme significantly reduce the risk of mutation-mediated drug resistance and display broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The combinatorial design of peptide-based inhibitors targeting the dimerization of SARS-CoV M^pro represents a potential therapeutic strategy. In this regard, we have compiled the literature reports highlighting the effect of mutations and N-terminal deletion of residues of SARS-CoV M^pro on its dimerization and, thus, catalytic activity. We believe that the present review will stimulate research in this less explored yet quite significant area. The effect of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possibility of future CoV outbreaks strongly emphasize the urgent need for the design and development of potent antiviral agents against CoV infections.

Keywords: 3CLpro; COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; broad-spectrum antiviral agents; coronavirus; dimerization; homodimer; main protease (Mpro); mutation.